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Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции

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Физиолого-биохимические и генетические основы селекции амаранта (Amaranthus L.) для пищевых и кормовых целей (обзор)

https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-213-221

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Аннотация

В обзоре дана характеристика перспективной для всего мира сельскохозяйственной культуры – амаранта. Эта культура имеет длительную историю; у ацтеков и инков она была одной из важнейших зерновых культур, наряду с кукурузой. Однако, в отличие от последней, амарант потерял свое пищевое значение, будучи завезенным в Европу. Лишь в XX веке, во многом благодаря Н. И. Вавилову, амарантом всерьез заинтересовались как пищевой и кормовой культурой. Амарант – растение уникальное по своим питательным свойствам. Он имеет высокое содержание белка, насыщенного незаменимыми аминокислотами (лизин), а также большое количество биологически активных веществ: витамин С, амарантин, рутин, каротиноиды и др. Особую ценность представляет зерновое масло, насыщенное липидными соединениями, такими как сквален, витамин Е, фитостеролы, жирные кислоты. Эти липидные вещества имеют ряд важных с точки зрения функционального питания свойств: как природные антиоксиданты они связывают свободные радикалы, нормализуют липидный обмен, способствуют снижению уровня холестерина в крови. Основное внимание в обзоре сосредоточено на генах, определяющих содержание основных ценных биохимических компонентов: сквалена, аскорбиновой кислоты и лизина. Генетические пути, контролирующие биосинтез этих компонентов, подробно изучены на модельных растительных объектах. Наличие полной геномной последовательности амаранта Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. дает возможность идентифицировать в ее составе ортологи ключевых генов биосинтеза. На данный момент у амаранта идентифицирована лишь небольшая часть генов, включая ген сквален-синтазы (SQS), ген синтеза аскорбиновой кислоты VTC2, а также ключевые гены синтеза лизина – AK и DHDPS. В статье обсуждаются перспективы и направления маркер-ориентированной селекции этой культуры, а также сложности ее систематики и генотипирования, которые предстоит преодолеть для успешного решения селекционных задач.

Об авторе

А. Б. Щербань
Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения РАН
Россия
630090 г. Новосибирск, пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 10


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Рецензия

Для цитирования:


Щербань А.Б. Физиолого-биохимические и генетические основы селекции амаранта (Amaranthus L.) для пищевых и кормовых целей (обзор). Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции. 2020;181(4):213-221. https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-213-221

For citation:


Shcherban A.B. Physiological, biochemical and genetic bases of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) breeding for food and feed purposes (a review). Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding. 2020;181(4):213-221. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-213-221

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