Features of pea seed germination under the effect of an extract from the mycelium substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation

Background. The presented study demonstrates the ability of an aqueous extract from the used straw substrate for oyster mushrooms (hereinafter referred to as “the extract”) to regulate pea plant growth and development.

Materials and methods. Experimental seeds of the pea cultivar ‘Albumen’ were soaked in 10% and 100% extracts and then cultivated for eight days on a hydroponic medium in the respective extract solutions and on soil (gray forest). The control plants were soaked in tap water, cultivated in it (hydroponics), and watered (soil). The extract’s effectiveness was assessed according to growth indicators, the content of photosynthetic pigments, and the expression of one of the genes encoding ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase (RCA) and two genes encoding isoamylase (ISA-1 and ISA-2).

Results. Inhibition of seed germination on the first day under the effect of 10% and 100% extracts was shown. Higher dry matter content and a decrease in the expression of all ISA genes were observed in the day-old germinating experimental seeds, indicating a slowdown in the initiation of seed germination. A decrease in the germination rate was recorded in the seeds cultivated with the 100% extract, while for those germinated with the 10% extract, this indicator did not differ from the control. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the experimental plant groups (100% concentration of the extract) grown in hydroponics was lower, and in those grown on soil, it was higher than in the control samples.

Conclusion. The extract in both doses suppressed the germination of pea seeds and inhibited the growth and development of seedlings when cultivated on a hydroponic medium consisting of the extract. However, enhanced growth processes and increased expression of the studied genes were observed when pea plants were watered with the extract in a soil environment.

1. Arnon D.I. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 1949;24(1):115. DOI: 10.1104/pp.24.1.1

2. Colman S.L., Salcedo M.F., Mansilla A.Y., Iglesias M.J., Fiol D.F., Martín-Saldaña S. et al. Chitosan microparticles improve tomato seedling biomass and modulate hormonal, redox and defense pathways. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2019;143:203-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.002

3. De Britto S., Joshi S.M., Jogaiah S. Trehalose: A mycogenic cell wall elicitor elicit resistance against leaf spot disease of broccoli and acts as a plant growth regulator. Biotechnology Reports. 2021;32:e00690. DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00690

4. Elsakhawy T., AlKahtani M.D.F., Sharshar A.A.H., Attia K.A., Hafez Y.M., Abdelaal K.A.A. Efficacy of mushroom metabolites (Pleurotus ostreatus) as a natural product for the suppression of broomrape growth (Orobanche crenata Forsk) in faba bean. Plants (Basel). 2020;9(10):1265. DOI: 10.3390/plants9101265

5. Faugeron-Girard C., Gloaguen V., Koçi R., Célérier J., Raynaud A., Moine C. Use of a Pleurotus ostreatus complex cell wall extract as elicitor of plant defenses: from greenhouse to field trial. Molecules. 2020;25(5):1094. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051094

6. Glanz S.A. Primer of Biostatistics. Moscow: Praktika; 1999. [in Russian] URL: https://medstatistic.ru/articles/glantz.pdf [дата обращения: 12.02.2014].

7. Gong M., Guan Q., Lin T., Lan J., Liu S. Effects of fungal elicitors on seed germination and tissue culture of Cymbidium goeringii. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018;1956:020045. DOI: 10.1063/1.5034297

8. GOST 12038-84. Interstate standard. Agricultural seeds. Methods for determination of germination. Moscow: Standartinform; 1986. [in Russian] URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/gost-12038-84 [дата обращения: 22.05.2024].

9. GOST 12041-82. Interstate standard. Seed of farm crops. Method for determination of moisture content. Moscow: Standartinform; 1982. [in Russian] URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/gost-12041-82 [дата обращения: 22.05.2024].

10. Izosimov A.A. Physico-chemical properties, biological activity and detoxifying ability of humic preparations differing in the genesis of organic raw materials (Fisiko-khimicheskiye svoystva, biologicheskaya aktivnost i detoksitsiruyushchaya sposobnost guminovykh preparatov, otlichayushchikhsya genezisom organicheskogo syrya) [dissertation]. Moscow: Moscow State University; 2016. [in Russian]

11. Keypour S., Hassani S.B., Motevalli S., Irankhahi P. Aqueous extracts of medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus eryngii (Agaricomycetes) can affect seed germination and seedling survival. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2022;24(4):75-81. DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022043470

12. Kulikova N.A., Perminova I.V., Lebedeva G.F., Matorin D.N. The influence of organic matter in aqueous and alkaline peat extracts on plant photosynthesis (Vliyaniye organicheskogo veshchestva vodnoy i shchelochnoy vytyazhek torfa na fotosintez rasteniy). Moscow University Bulletin. Series 16, Biology. 1997;(2):36-41. [in Russian]

13. Li R., He J., Xie H., Wang W., Bose S.K., Sun Y. et al. Effects of chitosan nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;126:91-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.118

14. Ling Y., Zhao Y., Cheng B., Tan M., Zhang Y., Li Z. Seed priming with chitosan improves germination characteristics associated with alterations in antioxidant defense and dehydration-responsive pathway in white clover under water stress. Plants (Basel). 2022:11(15):2015. DOI: 10.3390/plants11152015

15. Nardi S., Pizzeghello D., Muscolo A., Vianello A. Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2002;34(11):1527-1536. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00174-8

16. Obrucheva N.V., Antipova O.V. Morphology and physiology of seed germination (Morfologiya i fiziologiya prorastaniya semyan). In: T.B. Batygina (ed.). Embryology of Flowering Plants. Terminology and Concepts: In 3 Volumes. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: Mir i Semya; 1997. p.667-681. [in Russian] (Обручева Н.В., Антипова О.В. Морфология и физиология прорастания семян. В кн.: Эмбриология цветковых растений. Терминология и концепции: в 3-х томах. Т. 2 / под ред. Т.Б. Батыгиной. Санкт-Петербург: Мир и семья; 1997. С.667-681).

17. Olaetxea M., De Hita D., Garcia C.A., Fuentes M., Baigorri R., Mora V. et al. Hypothetical framework integrating the main mechanisms involved in the promoting action of rhizospheric humic substances on plant rootand shootgrowth. Applied Soil Ecology. 2018;123:521-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.007

18. Olaetxea M., Mora V., Bacaicoa E., Baigorri R., Garnica M., Fuentes M. et al. Root ABA and H+-ATPase are key players in the root and shoot growth-promoting action of humic acids. Plant Direct. 2019;3(10):e00175. DOI: 10.1002/pld3.175

19. Pishchik V.N., Boytsova L.V., Vorob’ev N.I. Effect of humic substances on plants and rhizosphere microorganisms in plant–microbial systems. Agricultural Chemistry. 2019;(3):85-95. [in Russian] DOI: 10.1134/S0002188119030116

20. Popov A.I. Possible mechanisms of the effect of humic substances when they enter plants (Vozmozhnye mekhanizmy deystviya guminovykh veshchestv pri ikh popadanii v rasteniya). In: Humic Substances in the Biosphere. Proceedings of the 4th All-Russian Scientific Conference; December 19–21, 2007; Moscow. Moscow; 2007. p.509-514. [in Russian]

21. Rebrikov D.V. (ed.). Real-time PCR (PTsR v realnom vremeni). 2nd ed. Moscow: Laboratoriya Znaniy; 2009. [in Russian]

22. Sakr M.T., El-Sarkassy N.M., Fuller M.P. Exogenously applied antioxidants and biostimulants counteract the adverse effect of biotic stress in wheat plant. Agricultural Research and Technology. 2017;12(4):555853. DOI: 10.19080/artoaj.2017.12.555853

23. Smolikova G., Medvedev S. Seed-to-seedling transition: novel aspects. Plants (Basel). 2022;11(15):1988. DOI: 10.3390/plants11151988

24. Smythers A.L., McConnell E.W., Lewis H.C., Mubarek S.N., Hicks L.M. Photosynthetic metabolism and nitrogen reshuffling are regulated by reversible cysteine thiol oxidation following nitrogen deprivation in Chlamydomonas. Plants (Basel). 2020;9(6):784. DOI: 10.3390/plants9060784

25. Song J., Shang L., Wang X., Xing Y., Xu W., Zhang Y. et al. MAPK11 regulates seed germination and ABA signaling in tomato by phosphorylating SnRKs. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2021:72(5):1677-1690. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa564

26. Tarasov S.S., Krutova E.K. Oxidative homeostasis in germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) depending on ultrasonic exposure duration. Biophysics. 2023;68:435-442. DOI: 10.1134/S0006350923030211

27. Tarasov S.S., Mikhalev E.V., Rechkin A.V., Krutova E.K. Plant growth and development regulators: classification, nature and mechanism of action. Agricultural Chemistry. 2023;(9):65-80 [in Russian] DOI: 10.31857/S0002188123090120

28. To J.P.C., Reiter W.D., Gibson S.I. Mobilization of seed storage lipid by Arabidopsis seedlings is retarded in the presence of exogenous sugars. BMC Plant Biology. 2002;2:4. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-2-4