Межвидовая гибридизация и клеточная инженерия салата (Lactuca L.)

Lactuca sativa L. (салат) – овощная зеленная культура семейства Asteraceae, широко возделываемая во всем мире. Основными направлениями в селекции салата являются повышение урожайности, улучшение вкусовых качеств растения, скороспелость, устойчивость к абиотическим и биотическим стрессорам. Некоторые дикорастущие виды Lactuca L. широко используют в селекции салата в качестве доноров устойчивости к различным болезням. При создании новых сортов в настоящее время используют как традиционные, так и биотехнологические методы селекции. В данной статье представлен обзор основных достижений по получению межвидовых гибридов салата, включая методы культуры клеток и тканей и генной инженерии. Исследования искусственной гибридизации и изучение естественных популяций позволяют выяснить эволюционные связи между различными видами салата. Соматическая гибридизация – незаслуженно забытая, но перспективная технология в селекции салата – позволяет получать более широкий спектр изменений и не подвергается строгому контролю со стороны законов о ГМО. Этот метод имеет проблемы, связанные со сложностью регенерации протопластов и потерей способности к размножению у гибридов. Методы редактирования генома более эффективны и легче поддаются контролю, однако общество все еще настороженно относится к любым вмешательствам в геном растений и законодательно регулирует продажу ГМ-продуктов в качестве продуктов питания. Перед исследователями стоит задача усовершенствования данных методик.

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