vir-nwТруды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекцииProceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding2227-88342619-0982N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-213-221vir-nw-826Research ArticleОБЗОРЫSURVEYSФизиолого-биохимические и генетические основы селекции амаранта (Amaranthus L.) для пищевых и кормовых целей (обзор)Physiological, biochemical and genetic bases of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) breeding for food and feed purposes (a review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-8228ЩербаньА. Б.ShcherbanA. B.

630090 г. Новосибирск, пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 10

10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090

atos@bionet.nsc.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения РАНРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the RASRussian Federation2020271220201814213221Copyright © Щербань А.Б., 20202020Щербань А.Б.Shcherban A.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/826

В обзоре дана характеристика перспективной для всего мира сельскохозяйственной культуры – амаранта. Эта культура имеет длительную историю; у ацтеков и инков она была одной из важнейших зерновых культур, наряду с кукурузой. Однако, в отличие от последней, амарант потерял свое пищевое значение, будучи завезенным в Европу. Лишь в XX веке, во многом благодаря Н. И. Вавилову, амарантом всерьез заинтересовались как пищевой и кормовой культурой. Амарант – растение уникальное по своим питательным свойствам. Он имеет высокое содержание белка, насыщенного незаменимыми аминокислотами (лизин), а также большое количество биологически активных веществ: витамин С, амарантин, рутин, каротиноиды и др. Особую ценность представляет зерновое масло, насыщенное липидными соединениями, такими как сквален, витамин Е, фитостеролы, жирные кислоты. Эти липидные вещества имеют ряд важных с точки зрения функционального питания свойств: как природные антиоксиданты они связывают свободные радикалы, нормализуют липидный обмен, способствуют снижению уровня холестерина в крови. Основное внимание в обзоре сосредоточено на генах, определяющих содержание основных ценных биохимических компонентов: сквалена, аскорбиновой кислоты и лизина. Генетические пути, контролирующие биосинтез этих компонентов, подробно изучены на модельных растительных объектах. Наличие полной геномной последовательности амаранта Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. дает возможность идентифицировать в ее составе ортологи ключевых генов биосинтеза. На данный момент у амаранта идентифицирована лишь небольшая часть генов, включая ген сквален-синтазы (SQS), ген синтеза аскорбиновой кислоты VTC2, а также ключевые гены синтеза лизина – AK и DHDPS. В статье обсуждаются перспективы и направления маркер-ориентированной селекции этой культуры, а также сложности ее систематики и генотипирования, которые предстоит преодолеть для успешного решения селекционных задач.

The review gives an insight into amaranth, a very promising crop for the whole world. This crop has a long history dating back to the days of the Aztecs and Incas, for whom it was one of the most important crops, along with corn. However, unlike the latter, amaranth lost its nutritional value after being introduced into Europe. Only in the 20th century, largely thanks to Nikolai Vavilov, amaranth attracted great interest as a food and feed crop. Amaranth is a plant unique in its nutritional properties. It is characterized by a high content of protein saturated with essential amino acids, especially lysine, and a large number of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, amaranthine, rutin, carotenoids, etc. Of particular value is grain oil saturated with various lipid compounds: squalene, vitamin E, phytosterols, and fatty acids. These lipid compounds have a number of important properties from the point of view of functional nutrition: as natural antioxidants they bind free radicals, normalize lipid metabolism, and help to decrease blood cholesterol levels. The review focuses on genes that determine the content of the main, valuable biochemical components: squalene, vitamin C, and lysine. The genetic pathways that control the biosynthesis of these components have been studied in detail in various model plant objects. The presence of the complete genomic sequence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. makes it possible to identify orthologs of key biosynthetic genes. At the moment, only few genes in amaranth have been identified, including the squalene synthase (SQS) gene, the VTC2 ascorbic acid synthesis gene, and the key genes for lysine synthesis – AK and DHDPS. The article discusses the prospects and trends of marker-assisted selection of this crop as well as the difficulties of its systematization and genotyping, which have to be overcome to successfully solve plant breeding problems.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.