vir-nwТруды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекцииProceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding2227-88342619-0982N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources10.30901/2227-8834-2020-1-119-127vir-nw-556Research ArticleОБЗОРЫSURVEYSБиологические особенности и возделывание арахиса (обзор)Biological peculiarities and cultivation of groundnut (a review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-6948КишлянН. В.KishlyanN. V.

190000 г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44

42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-0356БемоваВ. Д.BemovaV. D.

190000 г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44; аспирант ВИР

42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6665МатвееваТ. В.MatveevaT. V.

199034 г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7–9; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Биологический факультет, Кафедра генетики и биотехнологии, профессор; д.б.н.

 

7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 19903

radishlet@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-9168ГавриловаВ. А.GavrilovaV. A.

190000 г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44; Отдел генетических ресурсов масличных и прядильных культур; главный научный сотрудник, заведующая отделом, куратор коллекции подсолнечника, клещевины; д.б.н.

  

42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000; Department of Oil and Fiber Crops Genetic Resources

v.gavrilova@vir.nw.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. ВавиловаРоссияN.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic ResourcesRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSt. Petersburg State UniversityRussian Federation2020120420201811119127Copyright © Кишлян Н.В., Бемова В.Д., Матвеева Т.В., Гаврилова В.А., 20202020Кишлян Н.В., Бемова В.Д., Матвеева Т.В., Гаврилова В.А.Kishlyan N.V., Bemova V.D., Matveeva T.V., Gavrilova V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/556

Арахис – важная сельскохозяйственная культура сем. Fabaceae Lindl., или Leguminosae L. (Бобовые). Родиной арахиса считают Южную Америку; сейчас эту культуру возделывают в Америке, Африке, Австралии, Европе и Азии. Современная система рода Arachis L. включает 79 диких видов и один культурный вид: арахис обыкновенный – A. hypogaea L. Диплоидные виды с числом хромосом 2n = 20 имеют геномы А, В или D, тетраплоиды – А и B. Геномы А и В секвенированы. Биологическая особенность всех видов арахиса – наличие хазмогамных и клейстогамных цветков и развитие бобов только в земле (геокарпия). Семена арахиса используют как непосредственно в пищу, так и для производства высококачественного масла, кондитерских изделий, в хлебопекарной, консервной, масложировой и других отраслях пищевой промышленности. Наряду с высокими требованиями к улучшению качества масла и пищевых продуктов, большое внимание уделяется их безопасности: устойчивости к загрязнению афлатоксинами и снижению аллергенности. Описаны сортотипы арахиса, различающиеся по габитусу растения, форме и окраске бобов и семян. Продолжительность вегетационного периода в странах Африки, Латинской Америки и Азии – 160–200 дней, для юга РФ актуален отбор раннеспелых форм. Селекционерами ВНИИ масличных культур были созданы сорта арахиса для Краснодарского края с урожайностью 2,7–3,3 т/га и длиной вегетационного периода 115–120 дней. В настоящее время в РФ нет промышленных посевов арахиса и селекция не ведется. В мире наряду с традиционными методами селекции (индивидуальный отбор и внутри- и межвидовые скрещивания) в настоящее время арахис широко вовлечен в геномные исследования, получены сорта высокоустойчивые к вредителям и болезням, засухе. Свыше 15 тыс. образцов арахиса сосредоточено в генных банках мира, в том числе 1823 образца – в коллекции ВИР. Использование мировых генетических ресурсов арахиса и современных методов исследования будет способствовать возделыванию культуры в России.

Peanut is one of the most important crops in the Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae L.) family. South America is considered to be the homeland of peanut, but now this crop is cultivated in America, Africa, Australia, Europe and Asia. The modern phylogenetic system of the genus Arachis L. includes 79 wild species and one cultivated species of common peanut (A. hypogaea L.). Diploid species contain 2n = 20 chromosomes of the A, B or D genome, tetraploids have A and B genomes. The А and В genomes are sequenced. Special biological features of all peanut varieties are the presence of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers and the development of pods only underground (geocarpy). Along with high requirements for improving the quality of oil and food products, much attention is paid to their safety: resistance to aflatoxin contamination and mitigation of allergenicity. Peanut cultivars vary in plant habit, shape and color of pods and seeds. Their growing season in Africa, Latin America and Asia is from 160 to 200 days, so early-ripening forms need to be selected for the south of the Russian Federation. Breeders from the Pustovoit Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) have developed peanut cultivars with a yield of 2.0–3.3 t/ha and growing season duration of 115–120 days, adaptable to the environments of Krasnodar Territory. At present, there is no large-scale peanut production in Russia, nor any breeding efforts are underway. As for the world, along with conventional breeding practices (individual selection, intra- and interspecies crosses, etc.), peanut is widely involved in genomic studies. A number of cultivars highly resistant to pests, diseases and drought have been released. Over 15,000 peanut accessions are preserved in the world’s gene banks, including 1823 accessions in the collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR). Utilization of the worldwide genetic resources of peanut and use of modern research technologies will contribute to the revival of peanut cultivation in Russia.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.