vir-nwТруды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекцииProceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding2227-88342619-0982N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources10.30901/2227-8834-2018-3-315-331vir-nw-309Research ArticleОБЗОРЫSURVEYSФитотоксичность ионов алюминияPhytotoxicity of aluminum ionsЯковлеваО. В.YakovlevaO. V.

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oly.yakovleva@mail.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. ВавиловаРоссияN.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic ResourcesRussian Federation2018120120191793315331Copyright © Яковлева О.В., 20192019Яковлева О.В.Yakovleva O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/309

В России находятся самые большие в мире площади почв с избыточной кислотностью. По результатам агрохимических обследований пахотных земель, площадь кислых почв (pH меньше 5,5) в настоящее время составляет около 65 млн. га. Потери сельскохозяйственной продукции в пересчете на зерно в год составляют 15-20 млн га. Негативное влияние кислой почвы на растения объясняется низким содержанием обменных оснований и наличием больших количеств подвижных форм алюминия (2-20% к массе почвы). Поглощение и усвоение алюминия растениями зависит от форм, которыми он представлен в кислых почвах. Значение алюминия в жизни растений неоднозначно, более многочисленны сообщения о токсическом действии ионов алюминия. Высокие концентрации алюминия непосредственно или косвенно влияют на процессы жизнедеятельности растений: водный режим, метаболизм азота, минеральное питание, фотосинтез, окислительно-восстановительные реакции. Фитотоксичные ионы металлов также влияют на различные физиологические и биохимические процессы у растений, стимулируют многочисленные анатомические и морфологические изменения. Избыток ионов алюминия в почве нарушает минеральное питание растений. Избыток ионов алюминия в почве нарушает минеральное питание растений. Для снижения вредного токсического действия ионов алюминия на растения используются различные агрохимические методы. Большинство растений чувствительно к высоким концентрациям алюминия. Устойчивость к токсичным концентрациям ионов металлов у растений обусловлена действием нескольких механизмов, которые характерны для каждого вида. У некоторых видов растений существуют защитные механизмы, с помощью которых неблагоприятное действие токсичных ионов уменьшается или полностью исключается. Определено, что рост корня - лучший индикатор устойчивости, чем рост наземной части растения. В основе методов диагностики алюмочувствительности на ранних этапах развития растений лежит изменение длины корней после воздействия стрессового фактора. Знание генетических и физиологических основ устойчивости растений к высоким концентрациям ионов тяжелых металлов и алюминия необходимо для поиска толерантных генотипов культивируемых растений.

Russia contains the largest areas of soil with excessive acidity in the world. According to the results of agrochemical surveys of arable lands, the area of acidic soils (pH less than 5.5) is currently about 65 million hectares. The losses in agricultural products calculated in grain per year amount to 15-20 million tons. The negative effect of acid soil on plants is explained by the low content of exchangeable bases and the presence of large quantities of mobile forms of aluminum (2-20% from the weight of the soil). Absorption and assimilation of aluminum by plants depends on the forms by which it is represented in acidic soils. The importance of aluminum in plant life is ambiguous, as the reports on the toxic effect of aluminum ions are more numerous. High concentrations of aluminum directly or indirectly affect the processes of vital activity of plants: water regime, nitrogen metabolism, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction reactions. Phytotoxic metal ions also affect various physiological and biochemical processes in plants, stimulate numerous anatomical and morphological changes. Excess aluminum ions in soil disrupt the mineral nutrition of plants. Various agrochemical methods are used to reduce the harmful toxic effect of aluminum ions on plants. Most plants are sensitive to high concentrations of aluminum. The resistance to toxic concentrations of metal ions in plants is due to the action of several mechanisms that are characteristic of each species. Some species of plants have protective mechanisms by which the adverse effects of toxic ions are reduced or completely eliminated. It has been established that root growth is the better indicator of resistance than the growth of the above-ground plant parts. The methods of diagnosing sensitivity to aluminum in the early stages of plant development are based on the change in root length after exposure to a stress factor. Knowledge of the genetic and physiological foundations of plant resistance to high concentrations of ions of heavy metals and aluminum is necessary for the search for tolerant genotypes of cultivated plants.

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