<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vir-nw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2227-8834</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0982</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2227-8834-2025-3-260-269</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vir-nw-2447</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИММУНИТЕТ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ И ИХ ДИКИХ РОДИЧЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IMMUNITY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Устойчивость образцов ячменя из Восточноазиатского центра разнообразия культуры к net- и spot-формам возбудителя сетчатой пятнистости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Resistance of barley accessions from the East Asian Center of crop diversity to the net and spot forms of the net blotch pathogen</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1419-7134</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лашина</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lashina</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нина Михайловна Лашина, кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник.</p><p>196608 Санкт-Петербург, Пушкин, ш. Подбельского, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina M. lashina, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Researcher.</p><p>3 Podbelskogo Hwy., Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7368-0797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасенко</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasenko</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Сильвестровна Афанасенко, доктор биологических наук, главный научный сотрудник.</p><p>196608 Санкт-Петербург, Пушкин, ш. Подбельского, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Afanasenko, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Chief Researcher.</p><p>3 Podbelskogo Hwy., Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.s.afan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9250-7225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лоскутов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loskutov</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Градиславович Лоскутов, доктор биологических наук, главный научный сотрудник.</p><p>190000 СанктПетербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor G. loskutov, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Chief Researcher.</p><p>42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.loskutov@vir.nw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. Вавилова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>186</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>260</fpage><lpage>269</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лашина Н.М., Афанасенко О.С., Лоскутов И.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лашина Н.М., Афанасенко О.С., Лоскутов И.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lashina N.M., Afanasenko O.S., Loskutov I.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/2447">https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/2447</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Ячмень – основная кормовая культура и ценное сырье для пивоваренной промышленности. Вредоносной болезнью ячменя является сетчатая пятнистость, вызываемая гемибиотрофным грибом Pyrenophora teres Drechsler, который существует в двух формах, различающихся по симптомам на ячмене: net-форма P. teres f. teres и spot-форма P.  teres f. maculata Smed.-Pet. Расширение коллекции источников и доноров устойчивости для селекции является актуальной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Материалом для исследования послужила коллекция из 53 образцов ячменя из Восточноазиатского генцентра, отличающихся различным уровнем устойчивости к возбудителю сетчатой пятнистости. В исследовании использовали различные патотипы P. teres f. teres и P. teres f. maculata. Устойчивость проростков ячменя оценивали в контролируемых условиях климатической комнаты по международной 10-балльной шкале.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и выводы</title><p>Результаты и выводы. Выявлено 18 образцов (30,2%) с расоспецифической устойчивостью к большинству патотипов P. teres f. teres (Ptt) и 14 образцов (26,4%) с устойчивостью к двум изолятам P. teres f. maculata (Ptm). У большинства образцов устойчивость к Ptt контролируется несколькими малыми генами. Устойчивостью к двум формам Ptt и Ptm отличались образцы к-3945, к-11011 и к-20497.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Barley is a major fodder crop and valuable raw material for the brewing industry. A harmful disease of barley is net blotch, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres Drechsler, which exists in two forms that differ in symptoms on barley: the net form, P. teres f. teres, and the spot form, P. teres f. maculata Smed.-Pet. Thus, one of the crucial tasks is to expand the collection of resistance sources and donors for breeding.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A set of 53 barley accessions from the East Asian Center of diversity, with various levels of resistance to P. teres, served as the material for the study. Different pathotypes of P. teres f. teres (Ptt) and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm) were employed. Barley seedlings were assessed for resistance under controlled laboratory conditions using the international 0–10 score scale.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and conclusions</title><p>Results and conclusions. Race-specific resistance to a majority of the studied Ptt pathotypes was ascertained for 18 barley accessions (30.2%), while 14 accessions proved resistant to two Ptm isolates (26.4%). In most accessions, resistance to Ptt is controlled by a few minor genes. Accessions k-3945, k-11011 and k-20497 were identified as resistant to both Ptt and Ptm.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Pyrenophora teres  f.  teres</kwd><kwd>P. teres  f.  maculata</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>ювенильная устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pyrenophora teres f. teres</kwd><kwd>P. teres f. maculata</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>seedling resistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РНФ № 24-26-00072. Авторы благодарят рецензентов за их вклад в экспертную оценку этой работы.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 24-26-00072. The authors thank the reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afanasenko O., Rozanova I., Gofman A., Lashina N., Novakazi F., Mironenko N. et al. Validation of molecular markers of barley net blotch resistance loci on chromosome 3H for marker-assisted selection. Agriculture. 2022;12(4):439. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12040439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasenko O., Rozanova I., Gofman A., Lashina N., Novakazi F., Mironenko N. et al. Validation of molecular markers of barley net blotch resistance loci on chromosome 3H for marker-assisted selection. Agriculture. 2022;12(4):439. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12040439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасенко О.С. Проблемы создания сортов сельскохозяйственных культур с длительной устойчивостью к болезням. Защита и карантин растений. 2010;(3):49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasenko O.S. Problems to create grades of agricultural crops with long stability to diseases. Plant Protection and Quarantine Journal. 2010;(3):4-9. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анисимова А.В., Мироненко Н.В., Левштанов С.А. Первая находка гриба Pyrenophora teres f. maculata в Краснодарском крае. Вестник защиты растений. 2011;(3):53-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisimova A.V., Mironenko N.V., Levshtanov S.A. The first find of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata in Krasnodar Territory. Plant Protection News. 2011;(3):53-56. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clare S.J., Wyatt N.A., Brueggeman R.S., Friesen T.L. Research advances in the Pyrenophora teres–barley interaction. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2020;21(2):272-288. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clare S.J., Wyatt N.A., Brueggeman R.S., Friesen T.L. Research advances in the Pyrenophora teres–barley interaction. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2020;21(2):272-288. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12896</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinglasan E., Hickey L., Ziems L., Fowler R., Anisimova A., Baranova O. et al. Genetic characterization of resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres in the international barley differential Canadian Lake Shore. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;10:326. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinglasan E., Hickey L., Ziems L., Fowler R., Anisimova A., Baranova O. et al. Genetic characterization of resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres in the international barley differential Canadian Lake Shore. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;10:326. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grewal T.S., Rossnagel B.G., Pozniak C.J., Scoles G.J. Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with barley net blotch resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2008;116(4):529-539. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0688-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grewal T.S., Rossnagel B.G., Pozniak C.J., Scoles G.J. Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with barley net blotch resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2008;116(4):529-539. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0688-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лашина Н.М., Афанасенко О.С. Поражаемость пятнистостями сортов ячменя, включенных в государственный реестр селекционных достижений и находящихся на сортоиспытаниях в условиях Северо-Запада Российской Федерации. Вестник защиты растений. 2019;2(100):23-28. DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2019-2(100)-23-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lashina N.M., Afanasenko O.S. Susceptibility to leaf blights of commercial barley cultivars in North-Western Region of Russia. Plant Protection News. 2019;2(100):23-28. [in Russian] DOI: 10.31993/2308-6459-2019-2(100)-23-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z., Ellwood S.R., Oliver R.P., Friesen T.L. Pyrenophora teres: proﬁle of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2011;12(1):1-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00649.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z., Ellwood S.R., Oliver R.P., Friesen T.L. Pyrenophora teres: proﬁle of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2011;12(1):1-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00649.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукьянова М.В., Трофимовская А.Я., Гудкова Г.Н., Терентьева И.А., Ярош Н.П. Культурная флора СССР. Т. 2 (ч. 2). Ячмень / под ред. В.Д. Кобылянского, М.В. Лукьяновой. Ленинград: Агропромиздат; 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukyanova M.V., Trofimovskaya A.Y., Gudkova G.N., Terentieva I.A., Yarosh N.P. Flora of cultivated plants. Vol. 2 (Pt 2). Barley (Yachmen). V.D. Kobylyansky, M.V. Lukyanova (eds). Leningrad: Agropromizdat; 1990. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manninen O.M., Jalli M., Kalendar R., Schulman A., Afanasenko O.S., Robinson J. Mapping of major spot-type and net-type net-blotch resistance genes in the Ethiopian barley line CI 9819. Genome. 2006;49(12):1564-1571. DOI: 10.1139/G06-119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manninen O.M., Jalli M., Kalendar R., Schulman A., Afanasenko O.S., Robinson J. Mapping of major spot-type and net-type net-blotch resistance genes in the Ethiopian barley line CI 9819. Genome. 2006;49(12):1564-1571. DOI: 10.1139/G06-119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathre D.E. (ed.). Compendium of barley diseases, 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society; 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathre D.E. (ed.). Compendium of barley diseases, 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society; 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLean M.S., Howlett B.J., Hollaway G.J. Epidemiology and control of spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) of barley: a review. Crop and Pasture Science. 2009;60(4):303-315. DOI: 10.1071/CP08173</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLean M.S., Howlett B.J., Hollaway G.J. Epidemiology and control of spot form of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) of barley: a review. Crop and Pasture Science. 2009;60(4):303-315. DOI: 10.1071/CP08173</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLean M.S., Martin A., Gupta S., Sutherland M.W., Hollaway G.J., Platz G.J. Validation of a new spot form of net blotch differential set and evidence for hybridisation between the spot and net forms of net blotch in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 2014;43(3):223-233. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-014-1285-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLean M.S., Martin A., Gupta S., Sutherland M.W., Hollaway G.J., Platz G.J. Validation of a new spot form of net blotch differential set and evidence for hybridisation between the spot and net forms of net blotch in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 2014;43(3):223-233. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-014-1285-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLean M.S., Weppler R., Howlett B.J., Hollaway G.J. Spot form of net blotch suppression and yield of barley in response to fungicide application in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 2016;45(1):37-43. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-015-0387-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLean M.S., Weppler R., Howlett B.J., Hollaway G.J. Spot form of net blotch suppression and yield of barley in response to fungicide application in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 2016;45(1):37-43. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-015-0387-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О.С. Внутривидовой состав и структура популяций Pyrenophora teres в СевероЗападном регионе России и Беларуси по вирулентности и локусам типа спаривания. Микология и фитопатология. 2016;50(3):185-194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironenko N.V., Anisimova A.V., Baranova O.A., Zubkovich A.A., Afanasenko O.S. Species composition and structure on mating-type loci and virulence of Pyrenophora teres populations in the North-West region of Russia and Belarus. Mycology and Phytopathology. 2016;50(3):185-194. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novakazi F., Afanasenko O., Anisimova A., Platz G.J.,·Snowdon R., Kovaleva O. et al. Genetic analysis of a worldwide barley collection for resistance to net form of net blotch disease (Pyrenophora teres f. teres). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019;132(9):2633-2650. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-01903378-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novakazi F., Afanasenko O., Anisimova A., Platz G.J.,·Snowdon R., Kovaleva O. et al. Genetic analysis of a worldwide barley collection for resistance to net form of net blotch disease (Pyrenophora teres f. teres). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019;132(9):2633-2650. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-01903378-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Репко Н.В. Селекция озимого ячменя на высокую продуктивность и зимостойкость в условиях Северного Кавказа: дис. докт. с.-х. наук. Краснодар: Кубанский государственный аграрный университет; 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Repko N.V. Winter barley breeding for high productivity and winter hardiness under the conditions of North Caucasus (Selektsiya ozimogo yachmenya na vysokuyu produktivnost i zimostoykost v usloviyakh Severnogo Kavkaza) [dissertation]. Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University; 2015. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухинина К.В., Репко Н.В., Ковалёв В.В. Ботаническая классификация ячменя и ее использование в селекции новых сортов. Современные научные исследования и разработки. 2016;6(6):105-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suchinina K.V., Repko N.V., Kovalev V.V. The botanical classification of barley and its uses in breeding of the new varieties. Sovremennye nauchnye issledovaniya i razrabotki = Modern Scientific Research and Developments. 2016;6(6):105-108. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tekauz A. A numerical scale to classify reactions of barley to Pyrenophora teres. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 1985;7(2):181-183. DOI: 10.1080/07060668509501499</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tekauz A. A numerical scale to classify reactions of barley to Pyrenophora teres. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 1985;7(2):181-183. DOI: 10.1080/07060668509501499</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вавилов Н.И. Центры происхождения культурных растений. Ленинград: Типография им. Гуттенберга; 1926.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vavilov N.I. Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Leningrad: Guttenberg Printing House; 1926. [in Russian] (Вавилов Н.И. Центры происхождения культурных растений. Ленинград: Типография им. Гуттенберга; 1926).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Злотина М.М, Ковалева О.Н., Лоскутов И.Г., Потокина Е.К. Использование аллель-специфичных маркеров генов Ppd и Vrn для прогнозирования продолжительности вегетационного периода сортов ячменя. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2013;17(1):50-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zlotina M.M., Kovaleva O.N., Loskutov I.G., Potokina E.K. Use of allele-specific markers of the Ppd and Vrn genes for predicting growing season duration in barley cultivars. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2013;17(1):50-62. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
