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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vir-nw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2227-8834</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0982</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2227-8834-2025-3-187-198</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vir-nw-2437</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ И ИХ ДИКИХ РОДИЧЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENETICS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Закон Вавилова в эпоху секвенирования нового поколения: ответы, загадки, подсказки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov’s law in the era of next-generation sequencing: answers, puzzles, hints</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-8254</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлесткина</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlestkina</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Константиновна Хлесткина, доктор биологических наук, профессор РАН, член-корреспондент РАН, директор ВИР.</p><p>190000 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena K. Khlestkina, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor of the RAS, Corr. Member of the RAS, Director VIR.</p><p>42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">director@vir.nw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. Вавилова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>186</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хлесткина Е.К., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хлесткина Е.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khlestkina E.K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/2437">https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/2437</self-uri><abstract><p>С момента доклада Н. И. Вавилова в Саратове 4 июня 1920 г. закон гомологических рядов в наследственной изменчивости не только нашел воплощение в селекционной практике при целенаправленном поиске новых источников, но и сыграл важную роль в развитии создаваемой коллекции мировых генетических ресурсов растений. Механизмы, лежащие в основе выявленных рядов, раскрывались с развитием подходов фундаментальной науки: сперва в исследовании цитогенетическими методами, затем в ходе молекулярно-генетического картирования генов и, наконец, с помощью сравнительной геномики в эпоху NGS (секвенирования нового поколения). Очевидным объяснением закона, сформулированного Вавиловым, кажется генетическое сходство организмов, их общее происхождение. При этом, в свете подробно задокументированной на сегодняшний день синтении геномов, закон Вавилова широко используется в исследованиях в области частной генетики культурных растений, а также при создании доноров ценных для селекции признаков. Применяется закон и при улучшении генотипов растений при помощи направленного мутагенеза. В статье приводятся конкретные примеры таких работ, а также примеры, подтверждающие связь гомологических рядов в наследственной изменчивости с синтенией геномов. Обсуждаются решенные (или пока еще не решенные) загадки «пробелов» в гомологических рядах или их неожиданного «прерывания» в череде относительно близких таксонов. С накоплением результатов этих исследований выявилось, что нередко в основе гомологических рядов лежит конвергенция, а не синтения. Естественный отбор часто использует разные гены и разные мутации для «достижения» одного и того же результата у разных видов. Такое «быстрое решение» особенно ценно для выживания вида в резко меняющихся условиях окружающей среды. Конвергенция является результатом адаптации к неблагоприятным условиям, когда естественный отбор «использует» ранее нейтральные мутации, которые становятся важными для адаптации в изменившейся среде. Сегодня, сталкиваясь с вызовами меняющегося климата и нестабильных погодных условий, важно применить эти подсказки природы и адаптировать данный механизм для селекции. Обсуждаются возможности применения направленного мутагенеза для создания разнообразия мутантных форм на основе многочисленных неактивных дупликаций генов в геномах культурных растений для дальнейшего тестирования в различных стрессовых условиях. Возможно и целенаправленное перепрограммирование дуплицированных копий при помощи редактирования под будущие условия окружающей среды. Однако эта стратегия требует предварительного анализа больших данных, накопленных по генным и метаболическим сетям, а также фенотипических данных в различных условиях среды. Частично такие данные уже накоплены при многолетнем изучении коллекции ВИР в различных эколого-географических условиях. Совместные усилия селекционеров, генетиков, биоинформатиков, генных инженеров, специалистов по генетическим ресурсам растений могут обеспечить реализацию принципиально новой стратегии по улучшению возделываемых растений посредством моделирования естественных процессов адаптации и целенаправленного использования дупликаций генов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since N. I. Vavilov’s report in Saratov on June 4, 1920, the Law of Homologous Series in Hereditary Variation has not only found practical application in the targeted search for new sources for breeding, but also played an important role in the development of the global plant genetic resources collection. Mechanisms underlying the series observed were progressively revealed with the development of approaches in fundamental science: first in research with cytogenetic methods, then in the course of molecular genetic mapping of genes, and finally with the help of comparative genomics in the era of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). The obvious explanation for the Law formulated by Vavilov seems to be the genetic similarity of organisms, their common origin. At the same time, in light of the currently well-documented synteny of genomes, Vavilov’s law is widely used both in special genetics and for creation of donors of traits valuable for breeding. The Law is also applied for improving plant genotypes using targeted mutagenesis. The article provides specific examples of such research, as well as examples confirming the connection between homologous series in hereditary variation and the synteny of genomes. The solved (or not yet solved) puzzles of “gaps” in homologous series or their unexpected “interruption” in a series of relatively close taxa are discussed. It became clear with the accumulation of results of these studies that convergence, not only synteny, often underlies homologous series. Natural selection often uses different genes and different mutations to “achieve” the same result in different species. Such a “quick solution” is especially valuable for species surviving in rapidly changing environmental conditions. Convergence is the result of adaptation to unfavorable conditions, when natural selection “uses” previously neutral mutations that become important for adaptation in a changed environment. Today, faced with the challenges of changing climate and unstable weather conditions, it is important to apply these Nature’s hints and adapt this mechanism for breeding. The possibilities of using targeted mutagenesis to make a diversity of mutant forms based on numerous inactive gene duplications in the crop genomes for further testing under various stress conditions are discussed. The editing-based targeted reprogramming of duplicated copies for future environmental conditions is also possible. However, this strategy requires preliminary analysis of big data accumulated on gene and metabolic networks, as well as phenotypic data under various environmental conditions. Some of such data have already been accumulated through long-term studies of the VIR collection under various ecogeographic conditions. Joint efforts of breeders, geneticists, bioinformaticians, genetic engineers, and plant genetic resources experts can ensure the implementation of a fundamentally new strategy for improving cultivated plants by modeling natural adaptation processes and targeted use of gene duplications.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>большие данные</kwd><kwd>Н. И. Вавилов</kwd><kwd>генетика растений</kwd><kwd>генетические ресурсы растений</kwd><kwd>геном</kwd><kwd>дупликации генов</kwd><kwd>изменение климата</kwd><kwd>коллекции</kwd><kwd>конвергенция</kwd><kwd>направленный мутагенез</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>синтения</kwd><kwd>технологическое лидерство</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>big data</kwd><kwd>N. I. Vavilov</kwd><kwd>plant genetics</kwd><kwd>plant genetic resources</kwd><kwd>genome</kwd><kwd>gene duplications</kwd><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>collections</kwd><kwd>convergence</kwd><kwd>targeted mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>synteny</kwd><kwd>technological leadership</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках госзадания ВИР (FGEM-2025-0009). Автор благодарит рецензентов за их вклад в экспертную оценку этой работы.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was conducted within the framework of the state task assigned to VIR (FGEM-2025-0009). The author is grateful to Dr. Irina N. Anisimova for valuable comments and discussions during the preparation of this review. 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