vir-nwТруды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекцииProceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding2227-88342619-0982N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources10.30901/2227-8834-2024-1-212-223vir-nw-1880Research ArticleОБЗОРЫSURVEYSСелекция риса на повышение его продуктивности (обзор)Rice breeding for higher crop productivity (a review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7340-8432ЗеленскийГ. Л.ZelenskyG. L.

Григорий Леонидович Зеленский, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, главный научный сотрудник, 350921 Краснодар, пос. Белозерный, 3;

профессор, 350044 Краснодар, ул. Калинина, 13

Grigory L. Zelensky, Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Chief Researcher, 3 Belozerny Settlem., Krasnodar350921;

Professor, 13 Kalinina St., Krasnodar 350044

zelensky08@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-4362-3568ЗеленскаяО. В.ZelenskayaO. V.

Ольга Всеволодовна Зеленская, кандидат биологических наук, доцент,

350044 Краснодар, ул. Калинина, 13

Olga V. Zelenskaya, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor,

13 Kalinina St., Krasnodar 350044

zelenskayaolga-2011@mail.ruФедеральный научный центр риса; Кубанский государственный аграрный университетРоссияFederal Scientific Rice Center; Kuban State Agrarian UniversityRussian FederationКубанский государственный аграрный университетРоссияKuban State Agrarian UniversityRussian Federation2024030520241851212223Copyright © Зеленский Г.Л., Зеленская О.В., 20242024Зеленский Г.Л., Зеленская О.В.Zelensky G.L., Zelenskaya O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1880

В мировом рисоводстве основными направлениями селекции сортов и гибридов являются повышение продуктивности растений, приспособленность к условиям возделывания, качество получаемой продукции, устойчивость к стрессовым факторам среды, включая болезни.

Повышение урожайности риса в ведущих селекционных центрах связывают с изменением морфотипа растений: низкорослые с эректоидными листьями и высокоозерненной крупной метелкой.

В Международном НИИ риса (IRRI) созданы сорта риса, которые в условиях тропической зоны формируют урожай зерна 10–11 т/га, при Кхоз = 0,5. В Китае получен гетерозисный гибрид риса с урожайностью 13,9 т/га, имеющий новый морфотип растений и период вегетации 163 дня. Гибриду присвоена категория «супер-рис».

Современные селекционные программы направлены на создание сортов «зеленого супер-риса» методами педигри, беккроссирования для интрогрессии целевых генов с использованием ДНК-технологий.

Российские селекционеры традиционно создавали сорта риса, адаптированные к местным условиям, созревающие до 125 дней. В 1980-е гг. начата программа по созданию высокопродуктивного сорта риса с эректоидным типом листьев для уплотненных посевов. В результате ступенчатой гибридизации и целенаправленных отборов создан новый исходный материал с целевыми признаками «супер-риса», из которого получен сорт ‘Полюс-5’ с новым морфотипом растений. Сорт внесен в Госреестр и допущен к использованию в производстве с 2023 г. При испытании сорт ‘Полюс-5’ за 120 дней вегетации в условиях загущенного посева и повышенного уровня минерального питания сформировал урожайность 1380 г/м2.

The main global trends in the breeding of rice cultivars and hybrids are higher plant productivity, adaptability to cultivation conditions, quality of products, and resistance to environmental stressors, including diseases.

Efforts of leading breeding centers in the Philippines and China to further increase the rice yield are associated with a change in the plant morphotype: shorter plants with erectoid leaves and large panicles with a high number of grains.

The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has developed rice cultivars that under favorable conditions in the tropical zone produce a grain yield of up to 10–11 t/ha, with Kecon = 0.5. A heterotic hybrid of rice was obtained in China with a yield of 13.9 t/ha; it has a new plant morphotype (New Plant Type) and a growing season of 163 days. The hybrid is classified as “super rice”.

Modern breeding programs are aimed at producing cultivars of “Green Super Rice” using pedigree methods and backcrossing for introgression of target genes through DNA markers, QTL mapping, pyramiding, and recurrent selection.

Russian breeders have traditionally produced rice cultivars adapted to local conditions, with a growing season of no more than 125 days. In the 1980s, a program was launched to develop a high-yielding rice cultivar with erectoid leaves for condensed planting. As a result of multiple stepwise hybridization and targeted selection, new source material with target traits of “super rice” was released. Cv. ‘Polyus-5’ with a new plant morphotype was obtained on its basis. This cultivar was included in the State Register and from 2023 approved for commercial production. During the field trials, ‘Polyus-5’ yielded a maximum of 1380 g/m2 over 120 days of the growing season, under the conditions of condensed sowing and increased mineral nutrition.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.