<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vir-nw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2227-8834</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0982</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2227-8834-2023-3-135-145</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vir-nw-1660</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ СЕЛЕКЦИЯ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DOMESTIC PLANT BREEDING AT THE PRESENT STAGE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Маркер-опосредованный отбор в создании селекционных образцов и комплексных доноров яблони с устойчивостью к парше и повышенным потенциалом лежкоспособности плодов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Marker-assisted selection in the development of advanced apple-tree forms and donors combining scab resistance with increased fruit storability</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-8395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супрун</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suprun</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иван Иванович Супрун, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий научным центром</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan I. Suprun, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of a Scientific Center</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">supruni@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-0352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Алексеевич Егоров, академик РАН, доктор экономических наук, директор</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p><p> </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy A. Egorov, Full Member (Academician) of the RAS, Dr. Sci. (Economics), Director</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kubansad@kubannet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4927-2192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насонов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasonov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Иванович Насонов, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey I. Nasonov, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of a Laboratory</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nasoan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3580-2316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лободина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobodina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Вадимовна Лободина, младший научный сотрудник</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Lobodina, Associate Researcher</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alyona2255@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-7757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токмаков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokmakov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Вячеславович Токмаков, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Tokmakov, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of a Laboratory</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ad-a-m@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-300X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Владимирович Степанов, младший научный сотрудник</p><p>350901 Краснодар, ул. 40 лет Победы, 39</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya V. Stepanov, Associate Researcher</p><p>39 40 let Pobedy St., Krasnodar 350901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivstepanof@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Кавказский федеральный научный центр садоводства, виноградарства, виноделия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>184</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Супрун И.И., Егоров Е.А., Насонов А.И., Лободина Е.В., Токмаков С.В., Степанов И.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Супрун И.И., Егоров Е.А., Насонов А.И., Лободина Е.В., Токмаков С.В., Степанов И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Suprun I.I., Egorov E.A., Nasonov A.I., Lobodina E.V., Tokmakov S.V., Stepanov I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1660">https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1660</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Возделывание сортов яблони, обладающих устойчивостью к парше и высоким уровнем лежкости плодов при хранении, повышает экономическую эффективность и экологичность садоводства. Очевидно, что создание таких сортов является актуальной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Материалом для исследований послужили 646 гибридных растений, полученных в шести гибридных комбинациях: Ренет Симиренко/Моди, Ренет Симиренко/Смеральда, Ренет Симиренко/Ренуар, Ренет Симиренко/Фуджион, Ренуар/Гренни Смит и Моди/Гренни Смит. Фенотипическую оценку устойчивости к парше проводили на естественном инфекционном фоне в течение двух лет с использованием количественной шкалы. Для идентификации гена Rvi6 проводили ПЦР-анализ с праймерной парой VfC1+VfC2, для гена Md-ACS1 использовали известный SCAR-ДНК-маркер. Критерий хи-квадрат использовали для статистической оценки достоверности данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основании ДНК-маркерного анализа идентифицировали 328 растений, несущих доминантный аллель гена Rvi6. Молекулярно-генетический анализ по гену Md-ACS1 позволил выявить 190, 322 и 126 растений, несущих аллельные варианты Md-ACS1-2/2, Md-ACS1-1/2 и Md-ACS1-1/1 соответственно. Среди образцов с доминантным аллелем гена устойчивости к парше Rvi6 идентифицировали 92 образца, обладающих селекционно приоритетным аллелем в гомозиготе (Md-ACS1-2/2), и 143 образца, являющихся гетерозиготными (Md-ACS1-1/2), которые также представляют ценность для селекции.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В результате выполнения работы был получен широкий перечень образцов яблони, несущих селекционно ценные аллели гена устойчивости к парше Rvi6 и гена Md-ACS1. Наличие гибридных форм, несущих приоритетные аллели одновременно двух генов хозяйственно важных признаков, позволит усилить селекционную работу по созданию устойчивых к парше сортов яблони с повышенной лежкоспособностью плодов. Образцы с наилучшими сочетаниями аллелей целевых генов, наряду с использованием в селекционном процессе, представляют также ценность как комплексные доноры.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Cultivation of scab-resistant apple cultivars with better fruit storability increases the economic efficiency and environmental friendliness of horticulture. Hence, the development of such cultivars is an important task in modern apple-tree breeding.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A set of 646 hybrid plants obtained in six cross combinations (Renet Simirenko/Modi, Renet Simirenko/Smeralda, Renet Simirenko/Renoir, Renet Simirenko/Fujion, Renoir/Granny Smith, and Modi/Granny Smith) was studied. Their scab resistance was assessed under natural infection pressure for two years using a quantitative scale. The Rvi6 gene was identified using the PCR analysis with the primer pair VfC1+VfC. The Md-ACS1 gene alleles were detected with a known SCAR DNA marker. The chi-square test was applied for statistical confirmation of the data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the DNA marker analysis, 328 plants carrying the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene were identified. The results of the phenotypic resistance assessment confirmed the correspondence of the resistant phenotype / dominant allele of the gene for most plants. Molecular genetics analysis of the Md-ACS1 gene disclosed its allelic combinations. A total of 190, 322, and 126 plants carrying allelic variants of Md-ACS1-2/2, Md-ACS1-1/2, and Md-ACS1-1/1, respectively, were identified. Among the plants with the dominant allele of the scab resistance Rvi6 gene, 92 plant forms were identified with Md-ACS1-2/2, and 143 heterozygous ones (Md-ACS1-1/2), also valuable for breeders.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A wide range of apple breeding forms carrying valuable alleles of the Rvi6 and Md-ACS1 genes were selected. Hybrid forms with target alleles of both genes responsible for important agronomic traits would contribute to the intensification of breeding efforts aimed at producing scab-resistant apple cultivars with increased fruit storability. They can also be used for breeding purposes as complex donors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генофонд</kwd><kwd>селекция</kwd><kwd>Rvi6</kwd><kwd>Md-ACS1</kwd><kwd>ДНК-маркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gene pool</kwd><kwd>breeding</kwd><kwd>Rvi6</kwd><kwd>Md-ACS1</kwd><kwd>DNA markers</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке проекта Минобрнауки России «Национальная сетевая коллекция генетических ресурсов растений для эффективного научно-технологического развития РФ в сфере генетических технологий» по соглашению № 075-15-2021-1050 от 28.09.2021 г.  Авторы благодарят рецензентов за их вклад в экспертную оценку этой работы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under Agreement No. 075-15-2021-1050 dated September 28, 2021, entitled “National network collection of plant genetic resources for effective scientific and technical development of the Russian Federation in the sphere of genetic technologies”. The authors thank the reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afunian M.R., Goodwin P.H., Hunter D.M. Linkage of Vfa4 in Malus × domestica and Malus floribunda with Vf resistance to the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathology. 2004;53(4):461-467. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01047.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afunian M.R., Goodwin P.H., Hunter D.M. Linkage of Vfa4 in Malus × domestica and Malus floribunda with Vf resistance to the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathology. 2004;53(4):461-467. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01047.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai S., Wang A., Igarashi M., Kon T., Fukasawa-Akada T., Li T. et al. Distribution of MdACS3 null alleles in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and its relevance to the fruit ripening characters. Breeding Science. 2012;62(1):46-52. DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.62.46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai S., Wang A., Igarashi M., Kon T., Fukasawa-Akada T., Li T. et al. Distribution of MdACS3 null alleles in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and its relevance to the fruit ripening characters. Breeding Science. 2012;62(1):46-52. DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.62.46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumgartner I.O., Patocchi A., Frey J.E., Peil A., Kellerhals M. Breeding elite lines of apple carrying pyramided homozygous resistance genes against apple scab and resistance against powdery mildew and fire blight. Plant Molecular Biology. 2015;33(5):1573-1583. DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0858-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumgartner I.O., Patocchi A., Frey J.E., Peil A., Kellerhals M. Breeding elite lines of apple carrying pyramided homozygous resistance genes against apple scab and resistance against powdery mildew and fire blight. Plant Molecular Biology. 2015;33(5):1573-1583. DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0858-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berra L., Tartarini S., Adami M. Nari D., Pellegrino S. Pyramiding of multiple resistances to disease and marker-assisted selection. In: S. Tartarini, H. Nybom, F. Laurens, L. Dondini (eds). XIV EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Horticulturae 1172. Bologna; 2017. Article No. 10. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1172.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berra L., Tartarini S., Adami M. Nari D., Pellegrino S. Pyramiding of multiple resistances to disease and marker-assisted selection. In: S. Tartarini, H. Nybom, F. Laurens, L. Dondini (eds). XIV EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Horticulturae 1172. Bologna; 2017. Article No. 10. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1172.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chagné D., Vanderzande S., Kirk C., Profitt N., Weskett R., Gardiner S.E. et al. Validation of SNP markers for fruit quality and disease resistance loci in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) using the OpenArray® platform. Horticultural Research. 2019;6:30. DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0114-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chagné D., Vanderzande S., Kirk C., Profitt N., Weskett R., Gardiner S.E. et al. Validation of SNP markers for fruit quality and disease resistance loci in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) using the OpenArray® platform. Horticultural Research. 2019;6:30. DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0114-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa F., Stella S., van de Weg W.E., Guerra W., Cecchinel M., Dallavia J. et al. Role of the genes Md-ACO1 and Md-ACS1 in ethylene production and shelf life of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Euphytica. 2005;141(1-2):181-190. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-005-6805-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa F., Stella S., van de Weg W.E., Guerra W., Cecchinel M., Dallavia J. et al. Role of the genes Md-ACO1 and Md-ACS1 in ethylene production and shelf life of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Euphytica. 2005;141(1-2):181-190. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-005-6805-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa F., van de Weg W.E., Stella S., Dondini L., Pratesi D., Musacchi S. et al. Map position and functional allelic diversity of Md-Exp7, a new putative expansin gene associated with fruit softening in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis). Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2008;4(3):575-586. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-008-0133-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa F., van de Weg W.E., Stella S., Dondini L., Pratesi D., Musacchi S. et al. Map position and functional allelic diversity of Md-Exp7, a new putative expansin gene associated with fruit softening in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis). Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2008;4(3):575-586. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-008-0133-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dougherty L., Zhu Y., Xu K. Assessing the allelotypic effect of two aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase-encoding genes MdACS1 and MdACS3a on fruit ethylene production and softening in Malus. Horticultural Research. 2016;3:16024. DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dougherty L., Zhu Y., Xu K. Assessing the allelotypic effect of two aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase-encoding genes MdACS1 and MdACS3a on fruit ethylene production and softening in Malus. Horticultural Research. 2016;3:16024. DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: [website]. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/ [accessed Mar. 15, 2022].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: [website]. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/ [accessed Mar. 15, 2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Z.S., van de Weg W.E. The Vf gene for scab resistance in apple is linked to sub-lethal genes. Euphytica. 2006;151(1):123-132. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-005-9082-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Z.S., van de Weg W.E. The Vf gene for scab resistance in apple is linked to sub-lethal genes. Euphytica. 2006;151(1):123-132. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-005-9082-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardiner S.E., Bus V.G.M., Rusholme R.L., Chagné D., Rikkerink E.H.A. Apple. In: C. Kole (ed.). Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Vol. 4. Fruits and Nuts. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p.1-62. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardiner S.E., Bus V.G.M., Rusholme R.L., Chagné D., Rikkerink E.H.A. Apple. In: C. Kole (ed.). Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Vol. 4. Fruits and Nuts. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p.1-62. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гащенко Т.А., Козловская З.А. Устойчивость к парше корнесобственных сеянцев яблони. Плодоводство. 2008;20:16-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gashchenko T.A., Kozlovskaya Z.A. Scab resistance in selfrooted apple seedlings (Ustoychivost k parshe kornesobstvennykh seyantsev yabloni). Fruit Growing. 2008;20:16- 23. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gessler C., Patocchi A., Sansavini S., Tartarini S., Gianfranceschi L. Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2006;25(6):473-503. DOI: 10.1080/07352680601015975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gessler C., Patocchi A., Sansavini S., Tartarini S., Gianfranceschi L. Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2006;25(6):473-503. DOI: 10.1080/07352680601015975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harada T., Sunako T., Wakasa Y., Soejima J., Satoh T., Niizeki M. An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (Md-ACS1) accounts for the low level of ethylene production in climacteric fruits of some apple cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000;101(5):742-746. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051539</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harada T., Sunako T., Wakasa Y., Soejima J., Satoh T., Niizeki M. An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (Md-ACS1) accounts for the low level of ethylene production in climacteric fruits of some apple cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000;101(5):742-746. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051539</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Höfer M., Flachowsky H., Schröpfer S., Peil A. Evaluation of scab and mildew resistance in the gene bank collection of apples in Dresden-Pillnitz. Plants. 2021;10(6):1227. DOI: 10.3390/plants10061227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Höfer M., Flachowsky H., Schröpfer S., Peil A. Evaluation of scab and mildew resistance in the gene bank collection of apples in Dresden-Pillnitz. Plants. 2021;10(6):1227. DOI: 10.3390/plants10061227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji Y., Wang A. Recent advances in phytohormone regulation of apple-fruit ripening. Plants. 2021;10(10):2061. DOI: 10.3390/plants10102061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji Y., Wang A. Recent advances in phytohormone regulation of apple-fruit ripening. Plants. 2021;10(10):2061. DOI: 10.3390/plants10102061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King G.J., Tartarini S., Brown L., Gennari F., Sansavini S. Introgression of the Vf source of scab resistance and distribution of linked marker alleles within the Malus gene pool. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1999;99(6):1039-1046. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051412</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King G.J., Tartarini S., Brown L., Gennari F., Sansavini S. Introgression of the Vf source of scab resistance and distribution of linked marker alleles within the Malus gene pool. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1999;99(6):1039-1046. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051412</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобашев М.Е. Генетика. Ленинград; 1969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobashev M.E. Genetics (Genetika). Leningrad; 1969. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longhi S., Cappellin L., Guerra W., Costa F. Validation of a functional molecular marker suitable for markerassisted breeding for fruit texture in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Molecular Breeding. 2013;32(4):841-852. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-013-9912-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longhi S., Cappellin L., Guerra W., Costa F. Validation of a functional molecular marker suitable for markerassisted breeding for fruit texture in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Molecular Breeding. 2013;32(4):841-852. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-013-9912-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лыжин А.С., Савельева Н.Н. Маркер-опосредованный скрининг иммунных к парше (Rvi6+Rvi4) генотипов яблони. Плодоводство и виноградарство Юга России. 2021;67(1):1-9. DOI: 10.30679/2219-5335-2021-1-67-1-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyzhin A.S., Savel’eva N.N. Marker-assisted screening of scab resistant (Rvi6+Rvi4) apple genotypes. Fruit Growing and Viticulture of South Russia. 2021;67(1):1-9. [in Russian] DOI: 10.30679/2219-5335-2021-1-67-1-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray M.G., Thompson W.F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 1980;8(19):4321-4325. DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.19.4321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray M.G., Thompson W.F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 1980;8(19):4321- 4325. DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.19.4321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nybom H., Ahmadi-Afzadi M., Sehic J., Hertog M. DNA marker-assisted evaluation of fruit firmness at harvest and post-harvest fruit softening in a diverse apple germplasm. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2013;9(1):279-290. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-012-0554-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nybom H., Ahmadi-Afzadi M., Sehic J., Hertog M. DNA marker-assisted evaluation of fruit firmness at harvest and post-harvest fruit softening in a diverse apple germplasm. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2013;9(1):279-290. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-012-0554-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papp D., Gao L., Thapa R., Olmstead D., Khan A. Field apple scab susceptibility of a diverse Malus germplasm collection identifies potential sources of resistance for apple breeding. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. 2020;1(1):16. DOI: 10.1186/s43170-020-00017-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papp D., Gao L., Thapa R., Olmstead D., Khan A. Field apple scab susceptibility of a diverse Malus germplasm collection identifies potential sources of resistance for apple breeding. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. 2020;1(1):16. DOI: 10.1186/s43170-020-00017-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pikunova A.V., Sedov E.N. The racial composition of Venturia inaequalis in environments of the Oryol region. Mycology and Phytopathology. 2019;53(5):293-300. DOI: 10.1134/S0026364819050040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pikunova A.V., Sedov E.N. The racial composition of Venturia inaequalis in environments of the Oryol region. Mycology and Phytopathology. 2019;53(5):293-300. DOI: 10.1134/S0026364819050040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Седов Е.Н., Янчук Т.В., Корнеева С.А. Направления и краткие итоги селекции яблони. Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки. 2020;(3):8-12. DOI: 10.30850/vrsn/2020/3/8-12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedov E.N., Yanchuk T.V., Korneeva S.A. Directions and summarized the apple selection. Vestnik of the Russian Agricultural Science. 2020;(3):8-12. [in Russian] DOI: 10.30850/vrsn/2020/3/8-12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Седов Е.Н. Жданов В.В. Устойчивость яблони к парше. Орел; 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedov E.N. Zhdanov V.V. Scab resistance (Ustoychivost yabloni k parshe). Orel; 1983. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шамшин И.Н., Тележинский Д.Д., Шлявас А.В. Оценка сортов яблони Свердловской селекционной станции садоводства по генам биосинтеза этилена с использова нием молекулярных маркеров. Аграрная наука ЕвроСеверо-Востока. 2020;21(6):706-712. DOI: 10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.6.706-712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shamshin I.N., Telezhinskiy D.D., Shlyavas A.V. Evaluation of apple varieties of the Sverdlovsk horticultural breeding station according to the ethylene biosynthesis genes using molecular markers. Agricultural Science Euro-North-East. 2020;21(6):706-712. [in Russian] DOI: 10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.6.706-712</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Супрун И.И., Токмаков С.В. Изучение аллельного разнообразия генов синтеза этилена MD-ACS1 и MD-ACO1 в отечественной генплазме яблони. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2013;17(2):202-206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suprun I.I., Tokmakov S.V. Allelic diversity of ethylene biosynthesis-related MD-ACS1 and MD-ACO1 genes in Russian apple germplasm. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2013;17(2):202-206. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Токмаков С.В., Супрун И.И., Ильницкая Е.Т. Достижения в изучении молекулярно-генетического контроля биосинтеза этилена у яблони (Malus domestica Borkh.). Плодоводство и виноградарство Юга России. 2015;35(5):28-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokmakov S.V., Suprun I.I., Ilnitskaya E.T. Advances in the study of molecular and genetic control of the apple-tree ethylene biosynthesis (Malus domestica Borkh.). Fruit Growing and Viticulture of South Russia. 2015;35(5):28-48. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ульяновская Е.В., Супрун И.И., Токмаков С.В., Атабиев К.М., Беленко Е.А. Использование генетического разнообразия в селекции яблони на устойчивость к парше. Бюллетень Государственного Никитского ботанического сада. 2019;(133):211-216. DOI: 10.36305/0513-1634-2019-133-211-216</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulyanovskaya E.V., Suprun I.I., Tokmakov S.V., Atabiyev K.M., Belenko E.A. The use of genetic diversity in apple breeding for scab resistance. Bulletin of the State Nikita Botanical Gardens. 2019;(133):211-216. [in Russian] DOI: 10.36305/0513-1634-2019-133-211-216</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu B., Shen F., Wang X., Zheng W.Y., Xiao C., Deng Y. et al. Role of MdERF3 and MdERF118 natural variations in apple flesh firmness/crispness retainability and development of QTLbased genomics-assisted prediction. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2021;19(5):1022-1037. DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu B., Shen F., Wang X., Zheng W.Y., Xiao C., Deng Y. et al. Role of MdERF3 and MdERF118 natural variations in apple flesh firmness/crispness retainability and development of QTLbased genomics-assisted prediction. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2021;19(5):1022-1037. DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якуба Г.В. Экологизированная защита яблони от парши в условиях климатических изменений: монография. Краснодар: СКЗНИИСиВ; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakuba G.V. Ecologized protection of apple trees from scab under climate change: a monograph (Ekologizirovannaya zashchita yabloni ot parshi v usloviyakh klimaticheskikh izmeneniy: monografiya). Krasnodar: North Caucasian FSC of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making; 2013. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Y., Barritt B.H. Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genotyping of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) breeding parents and suitability for marker-assisted selection. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2008;4(3):555-562. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-007-0131-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Y., Barritt B.H. Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genotyping of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) breeding parents and suitability for marker-assisted selection. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 2008;4(3):555-562. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-007-0131-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
