<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vir-nw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2227-8834</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0982</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2227-8834-2023-3-21-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vir-nw-1648</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИЗУЧЕНИЕ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ РАСТЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>STUDYING AND UTILIZATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Генетическое улучшение показателей урожайности и качества зерна у сортов мягкой пшеницы, созданных в Марокко за 40 лет селекции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genetic gain of grain yield and quality in bread wheat cultivars representing 40 years of breeding in Morocco</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-9651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беннани</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bennani</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сахар Беннани, доктор философии по сельскохозяйственному растениеводству</p><p>10090, Рабат, Рабат Принсипаль, авеню Эннаср, п/я 415</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sahar Bennani, PhD (Agr. Plant. Sci.)</p><p>BP 415 Rabat Principale, Rabat 10090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sahar.bennani@inra.ma</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-2778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тагути</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taghouti</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мона Тагути, доктор философии по сельскохозяйственному растениеводству</p><p>10090, Рабат, Рабат Принсипаль, авеню Эннаср, п/я 415</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mona Taghouti, PhD (Agr. Plant. Sci.)</p><p>BP 415 Rabat Principale, Rabat 10090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mouna.taghouti@inra.ma</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-8031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габун</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaboun</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фатима Габун, доктор философии по биоинформатике и биостатистике</p><p>10090, Рабат, Рабат Принсипаль, авеню Эннаср, п/я 415</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fatima Gaboun, PhD (Bioinf. and Biostat.)</p><p>BP 415 Rabat Principale, Rabat 10090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fatima.gaboun@inra.ma</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный институт сельскохозяйственных исследований</institution><country>Марокко</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Institute of Agricultural Research</institution><country>Morocco</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>184</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беннани С., Тагути М., Габун Ф., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беннани С., Тагути М., Габун Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bennani S., Taghouti M., Gaboun F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1648">https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1648</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Анализ наследственных изменений важнейших агрономических показателей в определенные периоды необходим для оценки и улучшения селекционных программ основных культур, включая мягкую пшеницу.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для оценки генетического эффекта селекции в Марокко получены и проанализированы данные по урожайности (GY) и содержанию белка в зерне (GPC) у 20 сортов мягкой пшеницы, созданных в период с 1980 по 2022 г., при выращивании в поле в 12 пунктах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Дисперсинный анализ показал высокозначимое влияние на изучаемые показатели факторов среды (E), генотипа (G) и значимое влияние их взаимодействия G × E (P &lt; 0,001). По результатам анализа стабильности созданные за два последних десятилетия (2002–2012 и 2013–2022 гг.) сорта характеризуется наивысшими показателями изучаемых признаков и их большей стабильностью по сравнению с ранее созданными сортами, особенно в неурожайные годы. За 40 лет генетический эффект (GG) для урожайности семян (GY) составил 21,4 кг/га за каждый год (0,75% в год). Этот эффект со временем снижался, варьируя в пределах от 11% (с 1980–1990 по 1991–2001 гг.) до менее чем 7% (с 2002–2012 по 2013–2022 гг.). Генетический эффект в низко- и среднеурожайных условиях был наиболее выражен (17,34% и 6,88% за год соответственно) и оказался незначимым в высокоурожайных условиях (4,62% за год). За тот же период показатель GPC показал статистически незначимое снижение: –0,007% (–0,002% за год), в то время как показатели, производные от GY и GPC, указывали на высокий положительный генетический эффект селекции. Следует приложить больше усилий для достижения хорошего баланса между урожайностью и качеством семян новых сортов, учитывая отрицательную корреляцию между этими двумя признаками (r = –0,36; P &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Внедрение передовых технологий, таких как геномная селекция, соответствующая агротехника и более эффективные критерии отбора способны в будущем обеспечить одновременное повышение урожайности зерна и его качества.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Knowledge about the genetic gain for fundamental traits over time is essential for a critical assessment and improvement of breeding programs, especially regarding staple crops like bread wheat.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. To estimate the genetic gain in bread wheat breeding in Morocco, grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) data were collected from 12 multi-environment field trials for 20 bread wheat cultivars released between 1980 and 2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Analysis of variance highlighted a high significant variability between environments (E), cultivars (G), and a significant G × E interaction (P &lt; 0.001). Based on stability analysis, the modern cultivars released during the two last decades (2002–2012 and 2013–2022) showed the highest performances and wider stability than old ones, especially in low-yielding environments. Genetic gain (GG) for GY was 21.4 kg ha−1 yr−1 (0.75% yr–1) over 4 decades of breeding. This progress was declining when advancing in decades and ranged from 11% (from 1980–1990 to 1991–2001) to less than 7% (from 2002–2012 to 2013–2022). The GG in low and intermediate yielding environments were the most important (17.34% and 6.88% yr–1 respectively), while GG was nonsignificant in high-yielding environments (4.62% yr–1). Within the same period, GPC showed a nonsignificant negative trend of –0.007% (–0.002% yr–1), while derivative parameters from GY and GPC indicated high positive genetic progress. More efforts should be deployed to implement a good balance between yield performance and quality in the new released cultivars despite the negative correlation between these two traits (r = –0.36; P &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Adopting advanced technologies, like genomic selection, adequate agronomic practices, and more efficient selection criteria are essential steps to further increase simultaneously grain yield and quality traits.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мягкая пшеница</kwd><kwd>анализ стабильности</kwd><kwd>генетический эффект</kwd><kwd>урожайность</kwd><kwd>содержание белка в зерне</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bread wheat</kwd><kwd>stability analysis</kwd><kwd>grain yield</kwd><kwd>grain protein content</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настоящая работа реализована благодаря тому вкладу, который внесли технические сотрудники всех опытных станций ИНРА</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work could not have been accomplished without the contribution of the technical staff of all experiment stations at INRA</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassi F.M., Sanchez-Garcia M. Adaptation and stability analysis of ICARDA durum wheat elites across 18 countries. Crop Science. 2017;57(5):2419-2430. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2016.11.0916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassi F.M., Sanchez-Garcia M. Adaptation and stability analysis of ICARDA durum wheat elites across 18 countries. Crop Science. 2017;57(5):2419-2430. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2016.11.0916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennani S., Taghouti M., Birouk A. Response of spring bread wheat quality and yield parameters to different drought scenarios under Moroccan conditions. In: Book of Proceedings. IX International Agricultural Symposium “Agrosym 2018”; Jahorina; October 04–07, 2018. Sarajevo; 2018. p.940-945. Available from: http://agrosym.ues.rs.ba/article/showpdf/BOOK_OF_PROCEEDINGS_2018_FINAL.pdf [accessed Dec. 08, 2022].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennani S., Taghouti M., Birouk A. Response of spring bread wheat quality and yield parameters to different drought scenarios under Moroccan conditions. In: Book of Proceedings. IX International Agricultural Symposium “Agrosym 2018”; Jahorina; October 04–07, 2018. Sarajevo; 2018. p.940-945. Available from: http://agrosym.ues.rs.ba/article/showpdf/BOOK_OF_PROCEEDINGS_2018_FINAL.pdf [accessed Dec. 08, 2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogard M., Allard V., Brancourt-Hulmel M., Heumez E., Machet J.M., Jeuffroy M.H. et al. Deviation from the grain protein concentration–grain yield negative relationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2010;61(15):4303-4312. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogard M., Allard V., Brancourt-Hulmel M., Heumez E., Machet J.M., Jeuffroy M.H. et al. Deviation from the grain protein concentration–grain yield negative relationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2010;61(15):4303-4312. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brancourt-Hulmel M., Doussinault G., Lecomte C., Bérard P., Le Buanec B., Trottet M. Genetic improvement of agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992. Crop Science. 2003;43(1):37-45. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2003.3700</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brancourt-Hulmel M., Doussinault G., Lecomte C., Bérard P., Le Buanec B., Trottet M. Genetic improvement of agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992. Crop Science. 2003;43(1):37-45. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2003.3700</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobb J.N., Juma R.U., Biswas P.S., Arbelaez J.D., Rutkoski J., Atlin G. et al. Enhancing the rate of genetic gain in public-sector plant breeding programs: lessons from the breeder’s equation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019;132(3):627-645. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03317-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobb J.N., Juma R.U., Biswas P.S., Arbelaez J.D., Rutkoski J., Atlin G. et al. Enhancing the rate of genetic gain in public-sector plant breeding programs: lessons from the breeder’s equation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019;132(3):627-645. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03317-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geyer M., Mohler V., Hartl L. Genetics of the inverse relationship between grain yield and grain protein content in common wheat. Plants. 2022;11(16):2146. DOI: 10.3390/plants11162146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geyer M., Mohler V., Hartl L. Genetics of the inverse relationship between grain yield and grain protein content in common wheat. Plants. 2022;11(16):2146. DOI: 10.3390/plants11162146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giancaspro A, Giove S.L., Zacheo S.A., Blanco A., Gadaleta A. Genetic variation for protein content and yield-related traits in a durum population derived from an inter-specific cross between hexaploid and tetraploid wheat cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;10:1509. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giancaspro A, Giove S.L., Zacheo S.A., Blanco A., Gadaleta A. Genetic variation for protein content and yield-related traits in a durum population derived from an inter-specific cross between hexaploid and tetraploid wheat cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;10:1509. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01509</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guzmán C., Mondal S., Govindan V., Autrique J.E., PosadasRomano G., Cervantes F. et al. Use of rapid tests to predict quality traits of CIMMYT bread wheat genotypes grown under different environments. LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2016;69:327-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guzmán C., Mondal S., Govindan V., Autrique J.E., PosadasRomano G., Cervantes F. et al. Use of rapid tests to predict quality traits of CIMMYT bread wheat genotypes grown under different environments. LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2016;69:327-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu N., Du C., Zhang W., Liu Y., Zhang Y., Zhao Z. et al. Did wheat breeding simultaneously improve grain yield and quality of wheat cultivars releasing over the past 20 years in China. Agronomy. 2022;12(9):2109. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12092109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu N., Du C., Zhang W., Liu Y., Zhang Y., Zhao Z. et al. Did wheat breeding simultaneously improve grain yield and quality of wheat cultivars releasing over the past 20 years in China. Agronomy. 2022;12(9):2109. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12092109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iqbal M., Moakhar N.P., Strenzke K., Haile T., Pozniak C., Hucl P. et al. Genetic improvement in grain yield and other traits of wheat grown in Western Canada. Crop Science. 2016;56(2):613-624. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2015.06.0348</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iqbal M., Moakhar N.P., Strenzke K., Haile T., Pozniak C., Hucl P. et al. Genetic improvement in grain yield and other traits of wheat grown in Western Canada. Crop Science. 2016;56(2):613-624. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2015.06.0348</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jlibene M. Options génétiques d’adaptation du blé tendre au changement climatique: variétés à résistance multiple: sécheresse, cécidomyie, septoriose, rouilles. Rabat: INRA; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jlibene M. Options génétiques d’adaptation du blé tendre au changement climatique: variétés à résistance multiple: sécheresse, cécidomyie, septoriose, rouilles. Rabat: INRA; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koekemoer F.P., Labuschagne M.T., Van Deventer C.S. A selection strategy for combining high grain yield and high protein content in South African wheat cultivars. Cereal Research Communications. 1999;27(1-2):107-114. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23786273 [accessed Nov. 17, 2022].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koekemoer F.P., Labuschagne M.T., Van Deventer C.S. A selection strategy for combining high grain yield and high protein content in South African wheat cultivars. Cereal Research Communications. 1999;27(1-2):107-114. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23786273 [accessed Nov. 17, 2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laidig F., Piepho H., Rentel D., Drobek T., Meyer U., Huesken A. Breeding progress, environmental variation and correlation of winter wheat yield and quality traits in German official variety trials and on-farm during 1983–2014. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2017;130(1):223-245. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2810-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laidig F., Piepho H., Rentel D., Drobek T., Meyer U., Huesken A. Breeding progress, environmental variation and correlation of winter wheat yield and quality traits in German official variety trials and on-farm during 1983–2014. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2017;130(1):223-245. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2810-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leigh F.J., Wright T.I.C., Horsnell R.A., Dyer S., Bentley A.R. Progenitor species hold untapped diversity for potential climate-responsive traits for use in wheat breeding and crop improvement. Heredity. 2022;128:291-303. DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00527-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leigh F.J., Wright T.I.C., Horsnell R.A., Dyer S., Bentley A.R. Progenitor species hold untapped diversity for potential climate-responsive traits for use in wheat breeding and crop improvement. Heredity. 2022;128:291-303. DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00527-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin C.S., Binns M.R. A superiority measure of cultivar performance for cultivar × location data. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 1998;68(1):193-198. DOI: 10.4141/cjps88-018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin C.S., Binns M.R. A superiority measure of cultivar performance for cultivar × location data. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 1998;68(1):193-198. DOI: 10.4141/cjps88-018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo Valvo P.J., Miralles D.J., Serrago R.A. Genetic progress in Argentine bread wheat varieties released between 1918 and 2011: Changes in physiological and numerical yield components. Field Crop Research. 2018;221:314-321. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo Valvo P.J., Miralles D.J., Serrago R.A. Genetic progress in Argentine bread wheat varieties released between 1918 and 2011: Changes in physiological and numerical yield components. Field Crop Research. 2018;221:314-321. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monaghan J., Snape J., Chojecki A.J.S., Kettlewell P.S. The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield. Euphytica. 2001;122(2):309-317. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012961703208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monaghan J., Snape J., Chojecki A.J.S., Kettlewell P.S. The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield. Euphytica. 2001;122(2):309-317. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012961703208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munier-Jolain N.G., Salon C. Are the carbon costs of seed production related to the quantitative and qualitative performance? An appraisal for legumes and other crops. Plant, Cell and Environment. 2005;28(11):1388-1395. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01371.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munier-Jolain N.G., Salon C. Are the carbon costs of seed production related to the quantitative and qualitative performance? An appraisal for legumes and other crops. Plant, Cell and Environment. 2005;28(11):1388-1395. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01371.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oury F.X., Godin C. Yield and grain protein concentration in bread wheat: How to use the negative relationship between the two characters to identify favourable genotypes? Euphytica. 2007;157(1):45-57. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-007-9395-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oury F.X., Godin C. Yield and grain protein concentration in bread wheat: How to use the negative relationship between the two characters to identify favourable genotypes? Euphytica. 2007;157(1):45-57. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-007-9395-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Özturk A., Aydin F. Effect of water stress at various growth stages on some quality characteristics of winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2004;190(2):93-99. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00080.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Özturk A., Aydin F. Effect of water stress at various growth stages on some quality characteristics of winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2004;190(2):93-99. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00080.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapp M., Lein V., Lacoudre F., Lafferty J., Müller E., Vida G. et al. Simultaneous improvement of grain yield and protein content in durum wheat by different phenotypic indices and genomic selection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2018;131(6):1315-1329. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3080-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapp M., Lein V., Lacoudre F., Lafferty J., Müller E., Vida G. et al. Simultaneous improvement of grain yield and protein content in durum wheat by different phenotypic indices and genomic selection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2018;131(6):1315-1329. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3080-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rife T.W., Graybosch R.A., Poland J.A. A field-based analysis of genetic improvement for grain yield in winter wheat cultivars feveloped in the US Central Plains from 1992 to 2014. Crop Science. 2019;59(3):905-910. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rife T.W., Graybosch R.A., Poland J.A. A field-based analysis of genetic improvement for grain yield in winter wheat cultivars feveloped in the US Central Plains from 1992 to 2014. Crop Science. 2019;59(3):905-910. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Garcia M., Royo C., Aparicio N., Martín-Sánchez J.A., Alvaro F. Genetic improvement of bread wheat yield and associated traits in Spain during the 20th century. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;151(1):105-118. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859612000330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Garcia M., Royo C., Aparicio N., Martín-Sánchez J.A., Alvaro F. Genetic improvement of bread wheat yield and associated traits in Spain during the 20th century. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;151(1):105-118. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859612000330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tadesse W., Sanchez-Garcia M., Assefa S.G., Amri A., Bishaw Z., Ogbonnaya F.C. et al. Genetic gains in wheat breeding and its role in feeding the world. Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics. 2019;1:e190005. DOI: 10.20900/cbgg20190005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tadesse W., Sanchez-Garcia M., Assefa S.G., Amri A., Bishaw Z., Ogbonnaya F.C. et al. Genetic gains in wheat breeding and its role in feeding the world. Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics. 2019;1:e190005. DOI: 10.20900/cbgg20190005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verner D., Tréguer D., Redwood J., Christensen J., McDonnell R., Elbert C. et al. Climate variability, drought, and drought management in Morocco’s agricultural sector. Washington DC: World Bank Group; 2018. Available from: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/353801538414553978/pdf/130404-WP-P159851-Morocco-WEB.pdf [accessed Dec. 08, 2022].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verner D., Tréguer D., Redwood J., Christensen J., McDonnell R., Elbert C. et al. Climate variability, drought, and drought management in Morocco’s agricultural sector. Washington DC: World Bank Group; 2018. Available from: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/353801538414553978/pdf/130404-WP-P159851-Morocco-WEB.pdf [accessed Dec. 08, 2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woyann L.G., Zdziarski A.D., Zanella R., Rosa A.C, Lima de Castro R., Caierão E. et al. Genetic gain over 30 years of spring wheat breeding in Brazil. Crop Science. 2019;59(5):2036-2045. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2019.02.0136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woyann L.G., Zdziarski A.D., Zanella R., Rosa A.C, Lima de Castro R., Caierão E. et al. Genetic gain over 30 years of spring wheat breeding in Brazil. Crop Science. 2019;59(5):2036-2045. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2019.02.0136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan W., Hunt L.A., Sheng Q., Szlavnics Z. Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation based on GGE biplot. Crop Science. 2000;40(3):596-605. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2000.403597x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan W., Hunt L.A., Sheng Q., Szlavnics Z. Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation based on GGE biplot. Crop Science. 2000;40(3):596-605. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2000.403597x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
