<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vir-nw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2227-8834</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0982</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2227-8834-2022-4-141-151</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vir-nw-1395</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ И ИХ ДИКИХ РОДИЧЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENETICS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование мутагенного эффекта фосфемида на ячмене</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Studies on mutagenic effect of phosphemide in barley</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-5365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетянников</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tetyannikov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, научный сотрудник, </p><p>115598 Москва, ул. Загорьевская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Researcher, </p><p>4 Zagoryevskaya St., Moscow 115598</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tetyannikovnv@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-6538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боме</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bome</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, заведующая кафедрой, </p><p>625003 Тюмень, ул. Володарского, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Head of a Department, </p><p>6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen 625003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bomena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный селекционно-технологический центр садоводства и питомниководства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Tyumen</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>183</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тетянников Н.В., Боме Н.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тетянников Н.В., Боме Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tetyannikov N.V., Bome N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1395">https://elpub.vir.nw.ru/jour/article/view/1395</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Метод индуцированного мутагенеза применяется с целью кратковременного повышения частоты мутаций, позволяющих с большей вероятностью получить растения, несущие новые аллели и ценные для селекции признаки. Поиск новых веществ, обладающих высокой мутагенной активностью, представляет интерес для развития мутационной селекции. Для ячменя таким мутагеном является фосфемид.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Полевые и лабораторные испытания проводились в 2016–2018 гг. Три генотипа ячменя были обработаны водным раствором препарата фосфемид в концентрациях 0,002% и 0,01%, экспозиция – 3 часа. Статистическая обработка экспериментальных данных проведена методами многофакторного дисперсионного анализа с использованием программного обеспечения Statistica 7. Для средних величин была рассчитана ошибка среднего (Sx). Достоверность различий (P &lt; 0.05) определена при помощи t-критерия Стьюдента. Проведена оценка частоты мутаций (Mf), мутагенной результативности (ME) и эффективности (Me).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и заключение</title><p>Результаты и заключение. Выявлено, что наибольший вклад в формирование полевой всхожести семян мутантных популяций в поколениях М1 и М2 вносил мутагенный фактор (20,36%), а также взаимодействие факторов «генотип × среда» (18,55%) и «мутаген × среда» (14,93%). Концентрация 0,01% отнесена к полулетальной для двух образцов. В поколении М2 мутагенная результативность 0,002-процентной концентрации фосфемида превышала 0,01-процентную более чем в 4 раза. Низкая концентрация была более эффективна и действенна для сорта ‘Зерноградский 813’ (17,43%) и образца Dz02-129 (12,04%). Для образца C.I. 10995 высокая концентрация фосфемида оказалась более эффективной (29,66%), обеспечив высокую частоту мутаций (9,79%) на фоне относительно низкой летальности (33,00%). В спектре мутаций выделено 9 различных типов. В поколении М3 отчетливое наследование изменений подтвердилось в 46,43% семей. Наибольшее число семей с подтвержденными изменениями отмечено у образца C.I. 10995 в опыте с более высокой концентрацией. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The method of induced mutagenesis is used to temporarily increase the frequency of mutations, allowing a higher probability of obtaining plants with new alleles and traits valuable for breeding. The search for new agents with high mutagenic activity is of particular interest for the development of mutational breeding. A new mutagen for barley is phosphemide.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 2016–2018. Three barley genotypes were treated with an aqueous solution of phosphemide at two concentrations: 0.002% and 0.01%, exposure: 3 hours. Experimental data were statistically processed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistica 7. The error of the mean (Sx) was calculated for the mean values. Significance of differences (P &lt; 0.05) was determined by Student’s t-test. Mutation frequency (Mf), mutagenic effectiveness (ME), and efficiency (Me) were assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and conclusion</title><p>Results and conclusion. It was found that the greatest contribution to formation of field seed germination of mutant populations in M1 and M2 generations was made by the mutagenic factor (20,36%) and interaction of the genotype × environment (18,55%) and mutagen × environment factors (14,93%). The concentration of 0.01% was recognized as semi-lethal for two accessions. In the M2 generation, the mutagenic effectiveness of the 0.002% phosphemide concentration exceeded that of 0.01% more than 4 times. The low concentration was more effective for cv. ‘Zernogradsky 813’ (17.43%) and accession Dz02- 129 (12.04%). For C.I. 10995, a higher concentration of phosphemide had greater effect (29.66%) providing a high mutation frequency (9.79%) against a relatively low lethality (33.00%). Nine different types were identified in the mutation spectrum. In M3 generation, distinct inheritance of the changes was confirmed in 46.43% of families. The highest number of families with confirmed changes was recorded for C.I. 10995 in the experiment with a higher concentration. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индуцированный мутагенез</kwd><kwd>мутант</kwd><kwd>зерновые культуры</kwd><kwd>частота мутаций</kwd><kwd>химический мутаген</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>induced mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>mutant</kwd><kwd>cereals</kwd><kwd>mutation frequency</kwd><kwd>chemical mutagen</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследования проводятся в рамках реализации государственного задания ФНЦ садоводства и питомниководства № 0432-2021-0003 «Сохранить, пополнить, изучить генетические коллекции сельскохозяйственных растений и создать репозитории плодовых и ягодных культур, заложенные свободными от вредоносных вирусов растениями».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is carried out within the framework of the state task assigned to the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, No. 0432-2021-0003 “Preserve, replenish, and study genetic collections of agricultural plants and establish repositories of fruit and berry crops planted free of viruses”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alqudah A.M., Koppolu R., Wolde G.M., Graner A., Schnurbusch T. The genetic architecture of barley plant stature. Frontiers in Genetics. 2016;7:117. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alqudah A.M., Koppolu R., Wolde G.M., Graner A., Schnurbusch T. The genetic architecture of barley plant stature. Frontiers in Genetics. 2016;7:117. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhat T.A., Gulfishan M., Zahid M.T. Induced Mutagenesis. In: Mutagenesis and Cytotoxicity: A review. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2019. p.11-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhat T.A., Gulfishan M., Zahid M.T. Induced Mutagenesis. In: Mutagenesis and Cytotoxicity: A review. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2019. p.11-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боме Н.А. Реакция образцов озимой мягкой пшеницы в М1 на обработку семян химическими мутагенами. Естественные и технические науки. 2014;11-12(78):126-129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bome N.A. Reaction of winter wheat accessions in the M1 generation to seed treatment with chemical mutagens (Reaktsiya obraztsov ozimoy myagkoy pshenitsy v M1 na obrabotku semyan khimicheskimi mutagenami). Natural and Technical Sciences. 2014;11-12(78):126-129. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bull H., Casao M.C., Zwirek M., Flavell A.J., Thomas W.T.B., Guo W., Zhang R. et al. Barley SIX-ROWED SPIKE3 encodes a putative Jumonji C-type H3K9me2/me3 demethylase that represses lateral spikelet fertility. Nature Communications. 2017;8(1):936. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00940-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bull H., Casao M.C., Zwirek M., Flavell A.J., Thomas W.T.B., Guo W., Zhang R. et al. Barley SIX-ROWED SPIKE3 encodes a putative Jumonji C-type H3K9me2/me3 demethylase that represses lateral spikelet fertility. Nature Communications. 2017;8(1):936. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00940-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cattivelli L., Ceccarelli S., Romagosa I., Stanca M. Abiotic stresses in barley: problems and solutions. In: S.E. Ullrich (ed.). Barley: Production, Improvement, and Uses. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2010. p.282-306. DOI: 10.1002/9780470958636.ch10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cattivelli L., Ceccarelli S., Romagosa I., Stanca M. Abiotic stresses in barley: problems and solutions. In: S.E. Ullrich (ed.). Barley: Production, Improvement, and Uses. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2010. p.282-306. DOI: 10.1002/9780470958636.ch10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернов В.А. Цитотоксические вещества в химиотерапии злокачественных новообразований. Москва: Медицина; 1964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernov V.A. Cytotoxic agents in cancer chemotherapy (Tsitotoksicheskiye veshchestva v khimioterapii zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovaniy). Moscow: Meditsina; 1964. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернов В.А., Грушина А.А., Лыткина Л.Г. Противоопухолевая активность фосфазина. Фармакология и токсикология. 1963;26(1):102-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernov V.A., Grushina A.A., Lytkina L.G. Antineoplastic activity of phosphazene (Protivoopukholevaya aktivnost fosfazina). Farmakologiya i toksikologiya = Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1963;26(1):102-108. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Доспехов Б.А. Методика полевого опыта (с основами статистической обработки результатов исследований). 5-е изд. Москва: Альянс; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dospekhov B.A. Methodology of field trial (with fundamentals of statistical processing of research results) (Metodika polevogo opyta [s osnovami statisticheskoy obrabotki rezultatov issledovaniy]). 5th ed. Moscow: Alyans; 2014. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Енкен В.Б. Использование экспериментального мутагенеза в селекции бобовых и других культур. Москва: Колос; 1967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enken V.B. The use of experimental mutagenesis in the breeding of legumes and other crops (Ispolzovaniye eksperimentalnogo mutageneza v selektsii bobovykh i drugikh kultur). Moscow: Kolos; 1967. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang B., Wu W., Hong Z. Genetic interactions of awnness genes in barley. Genes. 2021;12(4):606. DOI: 10.3390/genes12040606</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang B., Wu W., Hong Z. Genetic interactions of awnness genes in barley. Genes. 2021;12(4):606. DOI: 10.3390/genes12040606</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ingelbrecht I., Jankowicz-Cieslak J., Szurman M., Till B.J., Szarejko I. Chemical mutagenesis. In: M.M. Spencer-Lopes, B.P. Forster, L. Jankuloski (eds). Manual on Mutation Breeding. 3rd ed. Rome: FAO/IAEA; 2018. p.51-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ingelbrecht I., Jankowicz-Cieslak J., Szurman M., Till B.J., Szarejko I. Chemical mutagenesis. In: M.M. Spencer-Lopes, B.P. Forster, L. Jankuloski (eds). Manual on Mutation Breeding. 3rd ed. Rome: FAO/IAEA; 2018. p.51-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jain S.M. Mutagenesis in crop improvement under the climate change. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 2010;15(2):88-106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jain S.M. Mutagenesis in crop improvement under the climate change. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 2010;15(2):88-106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jankowicz-Cieslak J., Till B.J. Chemical mutagenesis of seed and vegetatively propagated plants using EMS. Current Protocols in Plant Biology. 2016;1(4):617-635. DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jankowicz-Cieslak J., Till B.J. Chemical mutagenesis of seed and vegetatively propagated plants using EMS. Current Protocols in Plant Biology. 2016;1(4):617-635. DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jansson C., Opsahl-Ferstad HG. Mutants and Transgenics – a comparison of barley resources in crop breeding. In: K. Esser, U. Lüttge, W. Beyschlag, F. Hellwig (eds). Progress in Botany. Vol. 64. Heidelberg: Springer; 2003. p.42-52. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55819-1_3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jansson C., Opsahl-Ferstad HG. Mutants and Transgenics – a comparison of barley resources in crop breeding. In: K. Esser, U. Lüttge, W. Beyschlag, F. Hellwig (eds). Progress in Botany. Vol. 64. Heidelberg: Springer; 2003. p.42-52. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55819-1_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan S., Al-Qurainy F., Anwar F. Sodium azide: a chemical mutagen for enhancement of agronomic traits of crop plants. Environment and We: an International Journal of Science &amp; Technology. 2009;(4):1-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan S., Al-Qurainy F., Anwar F. Sodium azide: a chemical mutagen for enhancement of agronomic traits of crop plants. Environment and We: an International Journal of Science &amp; Technology. 2009;(4):1-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kodym A., Afza R. Physical and chemical mutagenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2003;236:189-204. DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-413-1:189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodym A., Afza R. Physical and chemical mutagenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2003;236:189-204. DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-413-1:189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konzak C.F., Nilan R.A., Wagner J., Foster R.J.. Efficient chemical mutagenesis. Radiation Botany. 1965;5:49-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konzak C.F., Nilan R.A., Wagner J., Foster R.J.. Efficient chemical mutagenesis. Radiation Botany. 1965;5:49-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar S., Patial M., Sharma R. Efficient Barley Breeding. In: S.S. Gosal, S.H. Wani (eds). Accelerated Plant Breeding. Vol. 1 Cereal Crops. New York, NY: Springer; 2020. p.309-364. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41866-3_13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar S., Patial M., Sharma R. Efficient Barley Breeding. In: S.S. Gosal, S.H. Wani (eds). Accelerated Plant Breeding. Vol. 1 Cereal Crops. New York, NY: Springer; 2020. p.309-364. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41866-3_13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long Z., Jia Y., Tan C., Zhang X-Q., Angessa T., Broughton S. et al. Genetic mapping and evolutionary analyses of the black grain trait in barley. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;9:1921. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01921</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long Z., Jia Y., Tan C., Zhang X-Q., Angessa T., Broughton S. et al. Genetic mapping and evolutionary analyses of the black grain trait in barley. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;9:1921. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01921</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Majhi P.K., Mogali S.C. Studies on mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays in greengram [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(3):1475-1484. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Majhi P.K., Mogali S.C. Studies on mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays in greengram [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(3):1475-1484. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megersa G. Genetic erosion of barley in North Shewa Zone of Oromiya Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2014;6(3):280-289. DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2013.0673</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megersa G. Genetic erosion of barley in North Shewa Zone of Oromiya Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2014;6(3):280-289. DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2013.0673</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller K. J., Romano N., Gerstner O., Garcia-Marotot F., Pozzi C., Salamini F. et al. The barley Hooded mutation caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature. 1995;374(6524):727-730. DOI: 10.1038/374727a0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller K. J., Romano N., Gerstner O., Garcia-Marotot F., Pozzi C., Salamini F. et al. The barley Hooded mutation caused by a duplication in a homeobox gene intron. Nature. 1995;374(6524):727-730. DOI: 10.1038/374727a0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oladosu Y., Rafii M.Y., Abdullah N., Hussin G., Ramli A., Rahim H.A. et al. Principle and application of plant mutagenesis in crop improvement: a review. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 2016;30(1):1-16. DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1087333</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oladosu Y., Rafii M.Y., Abdullah N., Hussin G., Ramli A., Rahim H.A. et al. Principle and application of plant mutagenesis in crop improvement: a review. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 2016;30(1):1-16. DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1087333</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathirana R. Mutations in plant evolution, crop domestication and breeding. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension. 2021;24(3):124-157. DOI: 10.4038/tare.v24i3.5551</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathirana R. Mutations in plant evolution, crop domestication and breeding. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension. 2021;24(3):124-157. DOI: 10.4038/tare.v24i3.5551</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad B.K., Singh G., Kumar R., Sharma A.K. Induced mutations in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022;11(1):577-584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad B.K., Singh G., Kumar R., Sharma A.K. Induced mutations in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022;11(1):577-584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raina A., Laskar R.A., Khursheed S., Amin R., Tantray Y.R., Parveen K. et al. Role of mutation breeding in crop improvement – past, present and future. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture. 2016;2(2):1-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raina A., Laskar R.A., Khursheed S., Amin R., Tantray Y.R., Parveen K. et al. Role of mutation breeding in crop improvement – past, present and future. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture. 2016;2(2):1-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рапопорт И.А. Особенности и механизм действия супермутагенов. В кн.: Супермутагены. Москва: Наука; 1966. С.9-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapoport I.A. Pecularities and mechanism of action of supermutagens (Osobennosti i mekhanizm deystviya supermutagenov). In: Supermutagenes (Supermutageny). Moscow: Nauka; 1966. p.9-22. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рипбергер Е.И., Боме Н.А. Использование химического мутагенеза в расширении границ отбора ценных генотипов мягкой яровой пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.). Фундаментальные исследования. 2014;(9-1):90-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ripberger E.I., Bome N.A. Application of chemical mutagenesis to the selection of valuable genotypes of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Fundamental Research. 2014;(9-1):90-95. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saini H.K., Akhatar J., Vasistha N.K. Mutagenesis in crop improvement. In: Classical and Molecular Approaches in Plant Breeding. Delhi: Narendra Publishing House; 2020. p.137-159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saini H.K., Akhatar J., Vasistha N.K. Mutagenesis in crop improvement. In: Classical and Molecular Approaches in Plant Breeding. Delhi: Narendra Publishing House; 2020. p.137-159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saravanan K., Sabesan T. Physical and chemical mutagenesis methods for development of insect-resistant crop varieties. In: A.K. Chakravarthy, V. Selvanarayanan (eds). Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance. Singapore: Springer; 2019. p.295-301. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saravanan K., Sabesan T. Physical and chemical mutagenesis methods for development of insect-resistant crop varieties. In: A.K. Chakravarthy, V. Selvanarayanan (eds). Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance. Singapore: Springer; 2019. p.295-301. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: FAO; 2011. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i2624e/i2624e00.pdf [accessed Mar. 16, 2022].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: FAO; 2011. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i2624e/i2624e00.pdf [accessed Mar. 16, 2022].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shoeva O.Y., Glagoleva A.Y., Kukoeva T.V. Effects of the Blp1 locus, which controls melanin accumulation in the barley ear, on the size and weight of seeds. Proceedings on Applied Botany Genetics and Breeding. 2021;182(2):89-95. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-89-95</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shoeva O.Y., Glagoleva A.Y., Kukoeva T.V. Effects of the Blp1 locus, which controls melanin accumulation in the barley ear, on the size and weight of seeds. Proceedings on Applied Botany Genetics and Breeding. 2021;182(2):89-95. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-89-95</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шоева О.Ю., Стрыгина К.В., Хлёсткнина Е.К. Гены, контролирующие синтез флавоноидных и меланиновых пигментов ячменя. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2018;22(3):333-342. DOI: 10.18699/VJ18.369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shoeva O.Yu., Strygina K.V., Khlestkina E.K. Genes determining the synthesis of flavonoid and melanin pigments in barley. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2018;22(3):333-342. [in Russian]. DOI: 10.18699/VJ18.369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Søgaard B., von Wettstein-Knowles P. Barley: genes and chromosomes. Carlsberg Research Communications. 1987;52:123-196. DOI: 10.1007/BF02907531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Søgaard B., von Wettstein-Knowles P. Barley: genes and chromosomes. Carlsberg Research Communications. 1987;52:123-196. DOI: 10.1007/BF02907531</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weisfeld L.I. About cytogenetic mechanism of chemical mutagenesis. In: A.I. Opalko, L.I. Weisfeld, S.A. Bekizarova, N.A. Bome, G.E. Zaikov (eds). Ecological Consequences of Increasing Crop Productivity: Plant Breeding and Biotic Diversity. New York, NY: Apple Academic Press; 2014. p.259-269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisfeld L.I. About cytogenetic mechanism of chemical mutagenesis. In: A.I. Opalko, L.I. Weisfeld, S.A. Bekizarova, N.A. Bome, G.E. Zaikov (eds). Ecological Consequences of Increasing Crop Productivity: Plant Breeding and Biotic Diversity. New York, NY: Apple Academic Press; 2014. p.259-269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вайсфельд Л.И. Цитогенетическое действие фосфазина на клетки человека и мыши в культуре ткани. Генетика. 1965;(4):85-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisfeld L.I. Cytogenetic effect of phosphazene on human and mouse cells in tissue culture (Tsitogeneticheskoye deystviye fosfazina na kletki cheloveka i myshi v kulture tkani). Genetika = Genetics. 1965;(4):85-92. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вайсфильд Л.И., Боме Н.А., Бекузарова С.А. Механизм действия химического мутагена фосфемида. В кн.: Материалы 6-й Международной научно-практической конференции «Перспективы развития АПК в современных условиях»; 7–8 апреля 2016 г.; Владикавказ, Россия. Владикавказ: Горский государственный аграрный университет; 2016. C.36-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisfeld L.I., Bome N.A., Bekuzarova S.A. Mechanism of action of the chemical mutagen phosphemide (Mekhanizm deystviya khimicheskogo mutagena fosfemida). In: Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific and Practical Conference “Prospects for the development of the agroindustrial sector in modern conditions” (Materialy 6-y Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii “Perspektivy razvitiya APK v sovremennyh usloviyah”); April 7–8. 2016; Vladikavkaz, Russia. Vladikavkaz: Gorsky State Agrarian University; 2016. p.36-39. [in Russan].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodward R.W., Rasmussen D.C. Hood and awn development in barley determined by two gene pairs. Agronomy Journal. 1957;49(2):92-94. DOI: 10.2134/agronj1957.00021962004900020009x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodward R.W., Rasmussen D.C. Hood and awn development in barley determined by two gene pairs. Agronomy Journal. 1957;49(2):92-94. DOI: 10.2134/agronj1957.00021962004900020009x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зоз Н.Н. Химический мутагенез у высших растений. В кн.: Супермутагены. Москва: Наука; 1966. С.93-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoz N.N. Chemical mutagenesis in higher plants (Khimicheskiy mutagenez u vysshikh rasteniy). In: Supermutagenes (Supermutageny). Moscow: Nauka; 1966. p.93-105. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
